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ܶļ̳

1955귢йطѧġε롵֮ڣ1960꣬
ҮĻͻʹ¡ѧϵܡ

ʵϣڽŷк󲻾ãҮⱾܶļƻ
ѾΧ俪ݽݶˡڴܹĸӾ
Ѿɱ࣬19581959Ķ޸ϡǣҮ19595 8 
գʮʱ彻֥Ӹѧ硣195912
ȫӡʽĳʱ19602 9 ա

ӺҮ˵Ļ俴ġ¡ȷܶġɡоϵ
ѹֺأHenry Hazlitt ڡܿ϶ԡ¡
˵ǣʱΰ֮һԼ˹ͼء
ܶġɡڶʮ͵ļ̳ߡʵϣ֪ܶʶҲע⵽˶
֮ԽʱյϵһϵȰ̳еأ˴ĸ¡
ƫ뷢ݡΪںҮ˿ܶ巢չʷϵһת۵㡣
һת۵˷ѱ˱ߣBentham ѧĴ
͸ҪӰ죬ˣҮΪܶһת۵ķ
Ǵġġ¡ʹŤתһתʹָ֮ʮ֮ܶ
ǰľ崫ͳϣָӢԸʱڵ徫ϡ⣬Ҳ
ڶʮܵķ˹͹ʷս
µϵͳĻӦˣں̶ܴϣ¡Ƕܶ˼תŤ
תͬʱҲ˹塢֮ʮĻ
졣

ֶԡ¡ķβּԲ䣬дһ
ɡɡȫѧϵ

Үڡ¡̹УȻûоѧһЩ
ѧĽչдɴ顣ǣⱾ鱾ȴʵϵ
ѧΪּһ룬ʵָ룬Լʵָ
ʵζʲôˣȻҮ˹ֵȡ
ģ߱оǷļֵ׼Ȼһ֪ʵѧ
ϣΪǽʵõġ

⣬ر𽻴ԼİµӢĻ֪ʶ̬ı
Ѷдʱպ

¡һԭʽͨʽһΪģ
ķݷֳɵԡһԼϡ

һࡸɵļֵɵĸҪԼ书ܡ漰
Ļءѧѧѧѧݣ൱
ۻ

ڶࡸ뷨ɡѧƶȲ档νƶȣָԴ
ּڱɵķһϵзչҪ漰ѧ룬
ʷ۹ой⡣оȡȷʦͷרҵ
Ҳʷѧҵķǿһ룬ʱ䶼
ްȫ棬ȨڱΡΪ˻ش𵱴Ļ⣬Դ


ࡸҡһЩԭӦִȵľ⣬
һһ顣ѡĴ⣬һΧͼ˵
ٶѡʱѡΣյľءǣ
׷ĿȻͬ죬Ի᲻ͬеĿɣе
ݻɡ漰⣬רҲ޷ṩȷߵҪ
һΪļܹڣܻý⼫Ϊӣ෱
࣬һƪڽ꾡ۡΪ˸ҪĿĲȻҪ
ݺύ֯ɵѧѧ;ѧϵͳо

ܺҮ˳ϱȷļֵȡ򣬵ԲԸ硸ɡ
ֵ۵쾭岻ǰᣬȻԴֵ֤
ۣɡһļֵҪģǴ¼ֵԴ
ȪṩģǸܷ⣬ͬʱ
ɵ̺ĴṩǰδеƷζ
ɱഴĲỮȻ

Ӧǣ롶ͨū۵ĵ·һ¡Ļ
Խı˥䣬Լּ塢
ǿӦ˶ġ˵崦澳ʱһ
һηܷһ

Үһеڶʾ飬ǰѷܶ
пάͺ鱤ص˼ҡδûԤġرǹͷ
˹ļ弫Ȩ壬ðռĿΪ٣Ρ
ӴϵΪװԾƽȵΪںţ巢˿ǰģ
Բŵ˵ȫٵһϾĿ顣

Ү˴ʱ壬ϵͳۻӦǡ¡


¡޹㷺ṹϡ۵ģڼϹ۵
֤

ɣ

Ȼڡͨū۵ĵ·һУҮ˾Ͷ춸в
˼ĽʣҪǴӷī
񣬾䵽ˡ¡ϡ

Үȶ˵ɼ˵һ״̬һЩ˶һЩ˵ǿ
ƣcoercionٵܴﵽ޶ȡһȻ̺T.H.  
֣T.H. Greenǡ־ʿSir Isaiah Berlin 
ϸӵĶɸ֣ڻɣpositive liberty
ɣnegative liberty֡Үͬɣѹ֮
ڡǿġǿơָΪءƩָĳ˵ɽʱ׹
ѩ޷԰Σ˵ǲɵġȻ͹۾ʹ޷
ȴûǿֹĳ¡

Ү˿ʷϳĶɵļֶ塣

ȣνɡinner freedom ĸָһֻ
Ӧʱɵģƾ嶯ȥ£ǲɵġ
˶壬ʹûǿƣĳҲǲɵġһ֮ūۣǿ
ƵĽͬҲǱݵĽΪհͼ˵һ
ԦˣͻһЩаģͬʱҲΥԼԸ顣
ĳ˸ϲɵ£ѵɵ

ҮΪ֮ͻͬ񲢲һ¡Ϊ
ǰ涨壬뱻ǿƻ롸ɡĲǱǿƣǵ
㡣Ȼ뱻ǿƲͬɡҲܻ
š

ǣ֤ɡĳ̶ֳϵϵʵ
ϣĳҪĳȥɱˣҲԸȥ֮Ϊ񡣵ԶϽҪЮұ
ױƣȥˡǷܵǿƣҮˣ
ûСȴе㣬ɥʧˡɡĵԱ
Ȼɵľ

ǹȥҵжǲɵˡȻ
г̶ȵĲġ

Ҫ֮ɡɲͬȻĳ̶ֳ϶ϵġ

ΣǰɶΪɡֻеһ˲ƶ߻
ʱɵġ¬һ۵Ҫ֪Ӣ
ϵ֮¬ΪӢֻڲμѡһ̲ɵġҮ
ֿΪ¡˵ǿ
ͶƱԼѡΪūӶɥʧɡ򵥵˵ǻش˭
ͳΡ⣬ǻشұͳεʲô̶ȡ⡣

ǰɶΪɼ϶ԵɣĳµȨ
power ںҮ˿һųֵģҲΪʹ
ĸһĳϵһΪһ
ԲƸٷҪ߼ϵĹǵͨԵ߼û
ֹζ򳵵ɡǣɵŷΪȻ
Ϊʽϵġ˵Ǯʹ
ֹȻû򳵵ɡȫ͵Ȼ
ġȨ֤˵ʱᣬжġɡ
¶޽ͷġɡȵȣˣûκɡߵֿ
ԵɸУȨƸصĶɳĳµ
ܹΪΪʵȨǺҮ˲̵ġָһ
һĲ˺һӦľȫȫϺ
ʿɡ0 

Ү˺ڡɡɡиһָȨ
rights𽥱áٳ쳹ĺϹȨԡ
֤һ涨ָΪԱȨднգѧ
ԼɿѧĸֺôȻҮ֤˵ĳȨĳһ
ֶôһ˾ṩһԼµᾭȨ
ۻǰͳһļƻġгԱܹõ
õ֯ŵһгУЩȨûġΪ
û˭ṩЩȨҪЩȨʵڵȨ͵
һḺ́һ֯ΪֻΪĳЩ鸺
£һ˲̸Ȩ

ȻҮ˹ɵĶǶԡǿơcoercionֲ
ġΪǿƼָʩΣвͬʱָĳ˽ʵĳΪͼ
һ⣬ȫǿơ磬ҹбչ񣬾Ͳһ
ǿơЩǿƣҲһ磬жһֶζ
У߲ʩһһǹʹȥԸ¡Ҳ
һǿơΪֹǿƣ뱣ϸ˽˽Ǹ
Ƶİ˽вƲڵķΧͳβܽ
춱ǿƣӶͱԼɡ

ͨԡǿơķҮ˰˽вƲõϵг򣬿
ɵĸϡָгĹӶζԣֻҪȻҵᣬ
ͲܶԹԱʩǿơңڹ£춹Ǹ
;ҵΨһṩߣˣӵ޵ǿȨĻ
˵ģңζż

ˣҮ˷Ҫ֤ĽǣгùеĻ
ڵĲɵġ

ע⵽Ү˶ɵۣҪھò棬ӸķΧ˵
ҪжɡĽ㣬Ҳгɵľ޴ϡ
ɡɺڽȴī١ԭ֮һΪһ
ѧҹעĵְҵ򣬴⣬ǿжɵҪԣһԭ
ҲΪ۳ɡɺڽɵݣǰ
˳ֵĲûʲôʶصݿˡֻڡͨū
ĵ·˼ĹлĲֶ˼ӡ̵Ȼ
ʹЩ˼ҲƲĹл߼ʱųֳġ

ƽȣ

֪ƽȵĳͻ֮Ѿ棬һֱѧ
Ŀ֮һһٶ˼ӿƽĸǽ
ءȻ׷ƽȵǵĶҪǽƽȻʵϵƽȡ
ϸԷԱʵʣ֡һʵ
ƽȡһʵϻƽȡҪ

Ү˼ģƽ

ƽ֮Σ

ںҮ˿Եı仯޾ġ֮Ĳԣ
֮ġϣǽĶһ޶Ķ档
֮Ĳ첻ҪҲͲҪ˼ֵ͸Ҫˡ

Ȼʵϴڲ죬ƽȴĽǰƽȵĽ
Ȼ½ĲƽȼʵĲƽȡҪʹǻʵϵƽȣƱ
ӶƻǰƽȵԭմݻٷΡǰƽ
ʵϵƽȣͬ໥ͻֻһ

Σǿʵʩƽȵƶȣʹɥʧ֪
ԼŬȴӰԼԵᾭõλ£
ضɥʧʹĶȱ裬ɥʧӶ
ƶ˥

Ҫﵽʵϵƽȡ߼ϾҪһԽɵٲû
ȨԱ뾫ƸĻˡΪԽ֮רȨ
˿ռ䡣ΪƽȵλǿʹõٷȨ
᲻̵ġ

ģݳƷյıƷڣڱŷձȵأ
ʹƶˣҲѾӵӡԼɻεˮ׼
ڣڴ֮ǰһЩܸʱνݳƷи֣
ĿΪǰѿʽԺ˵ĸʵҲ׵ö
ˡһЩԱݻ˷ѣΪĿǰֻã
󲿷ʱѶѡǣӳԶⲻһʽʵ
ѣʵĴѾɽĸ֧ˣչΪڵʽ
ƽֻǿնǴƸĲȴ᲻ʵĸĽߣ
ֻһζ췴һУ㿪ʼ졸õ硹ͽȻʹ
ҺͰԪˣҴʷǰ±

ǲ֪еĲڲýչķΧ󣬼Ͼ
ʵĻۣӶṩڵܣɹȥĲƸſܴ
漣ڴ֮ǰĲҵʵУôǰٶȱؽ
ӡܶ෢չͽмʹãδռڴھ͸
ܡȵ˵״֮󣬲ȥʹһ˾ܵ
µҵǽȴýһңңڣʵʵĽֻԶ
ձƶ

ƻڣΪչ಻в֮Ψһߣ
ΪƻõĲ벻ƽȣĸ˻־ɵģ
Ĳ벻ƽȣƾгܼƲģҿĻĲȳ
ԶСġ

ڹʷΧڣиչˮƽĲ⣬ۡ
ϵۡۡΪеĴۡ
˲º͵µķҰǣ룬ִ֮ʱһ
ԵȨϸֹ˻һֻҽΪȣ֤ÿһ
ϸƽˣ罫ɺ־ǲ
ġһ˻һȫɣȫɵľأ˿
ܡ

֮ҪԭӵнϸߵĿƼ֪ʶƸʹ֮
µİʵͿ֪ʶĹ̡

֪ʶһȷͳΪơɲơ˵ö֮ҿ
úƴ󣬺ͬһˮ׼ԶΪǲɷϵʵ

ˣ֮ƶڣϿйҺ͵Ľ

ҮһٳϣõĲƽȷʵıײ֮һǾɴ˶
ȡԴѹȨʽòƽȡ˵ĳһĿ
꣬Ե±ʹѹɡͨʹѹɡƽȺ͹ƽ
ķƶȣζŶԹƽòˣǶƶ޶á
ǣ϶Ƹձ𲽼ʷĲƽȡ磬۹У
ķչһӡΪƶĻ֪
Բܽܵġ

⣬ֻҪֺĻԭҲȡһЩϷж
ԽƶƽȵĲࡣ磬ڼ̳зУĳ涨Ƚ涨
Сƶ֮࣬ù涨ǿɱɵġڡ¡
ʮУָ֮Ѿû˰Ļڸ˵СΧ
ڡһŹȥȻͣδʵʩҲǹŵ侭ѧҵš
еִҪƶҺͲзϵṩȼãҲҪб
⣬עռ⣬ЩԵĹӦƸӶǿ
Ǻġܾߵ̫ԶΪͼ
ʹˣڽҵסϵȷ棩һı׼϶ʹÿ˻
˱׼ƾһַҲκ˵ѡȡᣬ
ұȻΪһҡڸùڣҳȨĴ
֣ԼԹ϶Ϊ˭Ҫ˭ֵ÷ô࣬Զ
εʷڸˡӴ˱ɼҳĶ󡣡Ȼ𲽱Ϊ
ƹˡ

ڻƽ

Ȼгõ˷ԲƸʵϵƽȣһƽţ
ԻƽȡȷʵǸֵϸĿΪֱĸȾ
֮ǿҳڱʿбҪۡ

Ү˱˷νƽȡ֤˵ƽȻܵ¼Ȩ塣
ָһеĻʺľġΪ˱֤ÿ
һ˵ĳʼȣͱԸ־пơ޷ÿһ
ṩĳЩܹõĻᣬͱֹЩˡȥǵ
лᡣͱ˶ԸпƵĶרеȨ𺦵
гĻСΪгԭĻ֮һǹñ˿ܵò
Ļġ

ҪﵽƽȣҪһж;ʵʩϸµĿơ
һ㣬¼ͥĻ𡣻ĲƽȺܿݵϼ˵ľ
жʹѡںδסҲӰ쵽һ˵ԭᡣοĳЩ£
ĸݶԺӵĿܵӰĿĳؾסľ׷ƽ
ȣƱشͱƣʹһһ
¸Ļࡣ

ƽȵܽȨ

ִƽȵۻһȵ㣬Ǻνܽƽȵ⡣

ǷӦǿʹܽƽȣ

ʵǿȽƶȣµⲻɻرܣṩֽ
еṩǿɸѡӦܸߵȽˣ˭Ǹ
ԵĽ֧ǿȽƶȣһּͥܲ˱ȻҪ
ѿ֧ǣٽӦɹѿ֧ӦôʽӦ

Ҫǣڲֽ֧ȫ̹ȫͬ
£߾Ե֮ͬ

Үر³ʿʱ֮ʷ۹ҽ⡣꣬
в̼֮³ʿɹ֮Ҫһǿʢ֯Ĺң
ʵȫ̵ĹҽƶȣһʱУΪģȻһ
ȷʹ³ʿĽˮ׼ձߣٽľѸ֮ᣬʹȫ¹
ľǣعʷ³ʿһܽķʽʹһ
ʷʱڣر˹ϣʱڣŨصľӰ
ҿƵĽʹ޷ʡطӹĿ꣬ո
˾޴ѡ

ʷ˼ڣᳫо³ʿȫ̹ҽƶȵģ
Ǳˣ꼫Թҽ˼Һ鱤أWeihelm 
HumboldֻΣʹһֱֵԭǺ
˼һʷЩң籾Ͱʮ֮ǰ
ңȡ߶ȼȨƽƶȵĹҷ롣ʷϵĳЩִ߸
֮ΪصǣǻڽйǿҵĹʶ̬ɫʡ͸
ԼȨԿƹ飬ѾԽǰˣΪһָΪ
ǿҵ˼ƺĻרƶȡ

ײ⣬ʵйҽƶȣµ޷һ
幹ɵĹң˭ƽƶȼѧУƵ⣬ؽΪ弤ҷ
Ԩ޴ڹȥİٵ۹ڲ־ҵĶ

ʹϽΪһµĹңҲܼලȫڡ

ܿĳ̶ԽߣҹƽȨһ¢Ȩ
֣֮ΣҲԽʵϣΪνṩԸָķչ
ᣬԭÿ˵ĸԼͬҲԺֽʽܵº
ֳɾ֪֮١ڸ˵źʹԵĲԣƶ뷽ʽ
ҲӦʶˣܴĳƶ֮䷽֮໥Ļ

ִֵΣյ֮һν˵
˵ƷԵķʵ༼ʵҡˣڽ磬
ҪĪϸֹø߿Ƽԡۡࡹʹ
񡸳Ϊ̥ǵˡԤʩ֮һǣֹΪ
Ҫṩߡ

ʵǷڽ̵ʱġ̣롹ԭ

ҮйؽĻǣṩ֧⣬Ҳ˳
չ˶ͯļ͸ѽɫӦ丸ĸ໤ˡ
ǿԵĹҽܿܳΪߵĹߡ

֪ƽȵں̶ܴϻ漰Ų̳ƶȣҮ˵Щ
ĻŲ˰ȥ

֮ƽȣҮŵΨһƽǷǰƽȣϵķ
ƽ岢ɡȻǹŵϻһ
ڶ顣ȣѧ߾ָǰƽȡֻǾ
ķԭĳؼ춷ɱǷԡǷС֮еƽȡ
ͰƽĻԭˡΪǰƽȡǽ
ϵƽԭǷеҪ󡣶ƽ⣬
ɵľ֮Уʵһֵжϡַ̽Ƿ⡣

;

йغΪ塹ִѧشۡ

Үνԭ򡹣meta-legal doctrine Ӧ
ģǽķβۡȿһѧߵĻӦ

ڱʮ޶˹J. RawlsԻͻ;ۡA 
THEORY OF JUSTICE ²ĺ岢˹ŵĻԭ򡣽
ѧԭ۸˵ĻȻԭԣҲѾ
ƽȵԭ֮Сԭɸ£һ
ԭÿ˶ӵе㷺ƽȵĻϵݵϵ
ӦһƽȨƽԭ򣩡

ڶԭĺ;õĲƽȽ·1 
ԭһµ£ʺܻߵ棨ԭ򣩣2 
ڻṫƽƽȵְ͵λ˿šƺȻһԭΪ
ɣҸȨƽȡڶԭּСλࣨļֵ
ڿܵõλߵ档ڶ߽һ£һԭ
ȡ

޶˹ȻԸɵΪȣԾƽһ档

һλŵˣRobert Nozick 1974ˡ
аANARCHY STATE AND UTOPIA޶˹Ĺ춷ƽȵ
ţΪɹʵвƲٷضֺɡŵ˵Ļԭǣ
ӵδԼͬⲻ˺ɲƼƲĻȨ
һԭǿԶԼ͵ĲƲȨԼɡǣ
һ˵춣ÿȨַʱȻ´
ҡڴˣҶ¢ȨĽǣҵȨֻܵΪ
ֹ˼ġҹʽĹҡۡˣ˾졢ȴ飬
κҲ֤ɡӶ۱磬ˣԵ൱˵Ȼ
Ҷ֪ʵйԶ˵ġҹְܡࡣȻϵǰ
һͻԸԼӡ

йزƲȨ棬ŵһԵʷۡĵ
ǲƲת÷ʽǷƽںƲĺȽϣںڴʱ˿˭
˭ӵжٲƲĳ˵ĲƲͨԸתã͡
õģӵоǹƽģǴ͵Ӷ
͵ӵǲƽġƶ޹غƽġͨ
ġŲ¸Ȩľ֤ΪˡƶĿĶ
ƸĽףض𺦻ɡ

ԿҮŵ˵ԭǻһµģǰѡȨ
ŵ˾ԲַĵλرڲƲȨ֮Ĺࡣ޶
˹ֻΪȨڡƽȡѡȻˣǻ
ǿԿҮŵ˵Ĳŵ߼ȷǰ
ɫǺɫûмشڻɫںҮлɫش
Բܴ͸Ԩ⵼Դڶѧ۵Ĳͬŵǵ͵
ߣҮǡŵȻͼԤһʽġ
ƽԭָ淽ʽ׳Ү˸ܹԡ
ƽԭ滮ķչԷݻԭ

Ȼ뺣ҮѧԶ޶˹ۡˣ⣬
ڲҮǰ޶˹ԼҪ۶ֵġֱ˵
޶˹ıʵǲ£Ҳͽ͵ġ
ͼһгѰ壬ֻͨŸгĶ
нˮֶܹôıضǲˡһַ
гУһֲ˶ܵõȨǣһַʽԴ
һˣһַʽԴһˣγ˫ر׼Ȼǲġĳ
гڲһⲿָԴ
壬ô˾Ͳǵ֪ʶȥȡԼĿˣǱ
ǶԼжӦĵһָĵеڰ
ԼӦĵΣȻǲµġңʹһ̣гת
һʵ壨ָܴͬɲƸĹ䡣Ϊû
ʲôʹȷвͬҵԼֵһũҽԱ
ͽʦȽʱʲôܹȷһ繤нˮ

ˣҮΪǧټҪ뽨һĽǮģʽض
Ȩ塣νǸԤгʹĳЩ˻ĳЩг
ṩģ롣ˣضʹʺͼ۸ʧȥã͵¸˻Э⣬
ҪЭֻͨйİ취ңһΪĳЩ˵ƹ
ʣݹԭ޷ܵҪΪͬģƹʵģ¡⣬
ǼȨ塣

һпг֮ԹΪгȷѱ
Ŭڷܹˣ϶ҷܶЩ˵¼ֵҮΪ
ߵͲڷ̶ܳӰ죬ͬʱҲžߡԼżȻӰ졣Ʃ磬
質ÿݳһζһԪһλɤӣһλͨ
ѧѷܶɤӵġǵı겢δǵ
ڷܹƷʣЧˣѹʺͼ۸
ڹȥŬı꣬һ۲Ǵġ۸ĿҪ˵ľû
밴˵¼ֵȥ䣬ǱȥжϸŬĳ̶ȣ
Ļ۸ĹܽŤгԷͻᱻƻ

֮ڹ⣬Үǻصϵֱֻоķʽй
𣬶Ľνġ

ԼġԸһнһ޶˹J.Rawls 
ۡ

ҮΪҪȻݻĵ±׼ȫʵġ
ܴҪĿǰڽеı仯Ϊֱڣݻ
֮СݻĽҲǹ̡һ̴һ
õĸΪ淶͸ԭЩԭ淶£ϵݻ
ȥһ̲ǵԸ˶ʧ

ںҮ˿һδı仯ǹƽģҪݻֹͣ
ݻ֮ǣδϵȻ
֪ǣֺδжǷأ

ݻν岻ġгν岻ġ

ͨгûܹжκ˶ȫĹǶ󣻲ң
粻ͨгҲûܹжΪ˴ʹĳ˴¶Բй׵ĹӦ
ٱꡣ

ںҮ˿޶˹磬õΪ޶˹ţ
ڻԵҶĸ춼ƽˣ󲿷ֵֿܱｫ
ɱңҲٲܵõЩรѶţЩΨһܸ
ÿӦЩʲôάֺˮ׼Ѷˡ

Լ⡣

Ү˲޳ɡԼۡ˼ǿҵݻɫйءָ
岢Эģ෴ǡǡǴûЭĵط
ע⣬ǾԵġգгΪУرǿʵ
ԼҪĵ¹淶֮һǣЩ淶ڳݻгֺͱ
ģΪǸѭЩ淶ȺԾ޴档

ڡ¡УҮָӵոѧҷԡ
Լǵߴ᡹ĹΪֹǡۡ
Բۼ˹Abbe Siey es
ʹǵһδȻӱΪǩһԼŬ
ͱϸĻ⣬ǲѷ֣ҮǴʷʵĽǶ
ԼģǡʵȻĽǶȡ޶˹Rawls Ǵ۵Ľ
ԼģǡӦȻĽǶȡˣϵĽ沢δ
ײ

аеԴ

а˼ʷԴԶͳҲʷݻ
󡣷˿׶Marquis de Condocet ˵Ҳûп
Уÿ˶Ȩˣָа
ΣչȻҪӲһʵʹ֮Ϊ
ḣĶǺƽٵԨ޴ҲͬҪġ

ҮԼֵ֪Ҫڡɵ¡ڶָһ
ȺǷᷱٲʢ˥΢ڸȺѭĵ׼
ԼеúҸ롣ΪǸȺжԭҪ
ڸȺҵѧõĸּܡ

Ϊƶ׷ĿȡǷĳЩĹ淶
ȰΪƶԣеĵϵͳ޳Ϊȫʵ
ĿġΪÿ˷¶ȷض˻Ŀɹ۲쵽
Чһԭ򲻽γܲ档г
£ԸƲƶԼأȴˡԽ
˸˵֪ͽ޷쵽¡

˼ʺչ쵽˹յõķΧֻ⣬Ҫ֮һǳ
Ϊ淶ȡͬĿ꣬ԼԽԽ˼ʺΪ

ǰἰġɱǷ塹⣬ںҮǷϺ
Ρ⣬ԣǷϺνԭ򡹣meta-legal 
doctrine⡣ǽ½ڼ㡣

ġɵػ񣺷

Ү˷ԭĿ϶񶨲

ǰ̸Ү˵ġ¡̥Ŀݽε롹
˲󣬷ιڸռеĸҪԡ

Ү˸跨ĵĵλ֮ΪɵĻ˼
Ȼԭ򣨵áȻʣϵУξгԽԡ
ձԺԡҮ˵ķҪһձԣԡϡԪ
meta-legal rulesԭ򣩵Ĵڡڶȷԡ

ƽԡƽָҽָڷǰƽȡ

Үַѧۼ˶1.  ʵ֤壨legal positivism
2.  ʷ壨historicism 3.  ɷѧɣthe free law school 
4. 淨ѧɣthe school of jurisprudence of interest 

ںҮ˿롸Ϸԡlegalityǲͬĸɹƶ
ķкϷԵģȴһϷΡǷϷλҪ÷Ƿ
Ԫԭʹ뷨ʵ֤廮˽ޡ

ʵ֤ӰܴȫʽķѧۣȻ
κγԭʵ֤ųɵκεº壬֮Ϊγ
Ĵ⼼϶һĿѧ⣬ֵںȷ
ϣͨķɣӦصĹ淶ӦϿɣ
ʸ÷ǷϺ¼ֵ

ҮΪУɻǱֶǱġȻ
ѧɵĹͬǣһеЧ֮ǰɴˡЩ
ǳκΰ䲼߻֮֡зɵЧԴЩ
ɡǲǱƶǱ֡ṩзǷı׼ṩ
ǷʹŷԭһҪáѧһʣҲִҪӽֵ
ϿάᣨF.C. von SavignyķǡɵĿѧthe science 
of liberty˵ķɣʵǺҮƵķɻҮ
;һָãΪʱĲ
ձ־ˣӦԳڵЧΪԼԭ򡣡ر𷴶Ȩ֮
ƶľгԵķɡ

淨ѧ뵱ķʵƣӷʽ涨
ƷԷڣرǿʵʰ

ɷѧҪ̷žʹٴӹ̶ķɹ涨Լнų
ԼġСо淨ѧо֮ͨںҮ
˿߶Կٶ뼫Ȩ帺ҪΡ

ʷѧɡע⣬ʷѧɡʷѧάΪ
ΪҮͬʷ䷢չıȻɣܹӶδĶ
УúΪǰ˵ƶ̬жϡǲԼԼ
ʱĲԼں̶ܴϱ̳еĹʷѧ
ܹԽƣѵʶǵļȡʵܹ
һ֪ʶһķʽؽӦʱƶȡɷһв
֤ĹɴڣҲֲΪϸƵġȻֳϵĴĳ
ĿĹɡǷȻݻԭġⷽ棬뷨ʵ֤
һµġ

Үʵ֮ĳֹ۲룬ʹ۹г̵ġ۵ġֱ
ĺԭϵ׼ȷȻӦģһЩϸϵġϵġ龰
ʩ˾ԣʱȫãҪʵμҺͷĴ
磬ҮǿķεĳԺձǼҪģԷ
ض涨Ϊɻ䣬Ϊƻε
ζϵԨ޴ԭ޿ɺǵġǣִزػһЩ
ضķɣ磺ͯƲȵȣȫһЩġ
ķɡˣʱͲȫ衸֪ĻжڶȺ
忼ͬʱԤĳֵԣԱִڴʱоĿռ䡣
ʵԶ޷ȫֺϵĲ졣Ӣܷң
ϵתЧֲ֤͵ǲģִвЧҲǾ
סʷġ

˹ͳ볬ԭ

ԭǺҮ˷˼ĺġ

ҪжľԵƺͶԹơ
ԴںҮ˼·еġϷԲڷΡĻںҮ˵˼У
һϵĵȼУ֮ϣܷڷ֮ϣԪԭ
ܷ֮ϡΪֻһַϵŷϷΡ

ҮָϣõƵȨͨϸܷ
ģΪڷǺϷġǣ˭ܸɣϣյ
۹Ǹιأڡ¡УҮرָһ
ԭȥĸʵʩģĹס
ǿƶ巨ʱѭܷ춨һԭﺣҮ
˷չ˹ȥڡͨū۵ĵ·дйر롸Ȩ˼롣
ر1937߷Ժͻİ˵ԭ弰
Ҫԡ

1937꣬ʷԺյͳ֡˹ӵĽʿ
쵼һ߷Ժ˶ʷ߷Ժͻ
γͻȻ߷ԺҲӼ˵ЭܵĽ֣
Ļԭٴεõ͹ǿĿ϶ʹͳķθΪ־ȹ̡

һؾΣﵽ壬ͳǶ
鸻ĸ֡˹˹ͳ֪ʲôǹ
ʱȵҪΪΣʱ޵ȫȨˣ
εӦ֮塣˵ȻһȨ͵Ȩڱл
ΣգڴʱҲؿˡֻҪĿκֶνΪϷ̬ȣ
߷Ժöĸݡĺԣɱط
ͻ߷ԺȫһƷ˹ͳġȫthe 
National Recovery Administration Act ʱȻ˾Ҳ
߷ԺԶоѹҴĴʩȳ
ϸաܷȨȡжǴᣬ߷Ժеɣһ
ЩɿɣŷͳĴʩʹ˹ͳţִԼʩ
Ψһ취߷ԺȨ߸Աġ
Ժװ䷨Supreme Court Paking Bill ʹ˫ĳͻﵽ㡣1936
꣬˹ѡΣÿǰ֧֡һʤʹеԼǿ
߷ԺĵλҲƺ˵߷Ժʹ֮Ϊͳļƻѻ
㷺޳ɡ£߷Ժȡսǣ˵ȴһ
ת̬ȣʵϷʵãٰ
ʵơһˣΪͳҲǿıʡ
ԭͳҲܷӦܵߵĳԭƣȨ
ҲܵͳĴʩڲԺбȫƷʵʱ˹
ڲԺлռѹҲˡ˹ζ
֮ʱȻܵش죬еİܱʡ

Ժ˾ίԱı棬߷ԺĴͳΣȷᶨ
ʷУԷµһҪףһʼǿ
ܷϵԴΪǰ᣺κʱһ
ޱȵҪԣ֧άַεε
ڴˣֻܷлҪԵĸԭ򡣡
ͷε߷Ժ븽һʱеʵη
ɵģô߷Ժؽһʱѹۿһʱ
ڵĿȼ飬ԶԶ˼ǣ߷ԺȨйص
ʱĳ־þѧڴμҵһ
Ϊ߷ԺоԼȨ߷
Ժ˳ߵľ⣬ʷǰġ˻ʷʵΪһ
ΪõĴͳͬʱҲӸϱ˵뷨档
Ү˴ӳ⳵˹ͳͻȻϢʱ⳵˾
İʹ˾˹ͳ׿Խΰ
˸Ҳز˵ͳӦԤ߷ԺӦ¡

ʵľ˳ɹȷܸߵĳԭԼԭ
˾ȨԼʷϽᾧֳɹʹ淶Ϊ
壬ʹΪĿüǿıϣҲ
1937Ļ͹Ե塣һϣɱ
ȷɡ

ɵݻɼӢʷ䷶

ںҮ˿ֳԭǸԴڸ֮һ
ʵԼǰĿ꣬ûгԭԼ
רϡ

ʵ֤뺣Ү˵ĻǷϳԭԪĴڡ
ʵ֤ܾںϷ֮ϻиߵļֵ׼ǵĹ۵Ǵʽ
ģֻҪȨһйжԺϷҮ˵Ĺ۵ȴȷļֵ
ȷԵʵ壬ӶʹȨܵƣƵĸݾν
ԭ򡹡

ˣԣҮ˵ĳԭ򾿾ʲôأ

ԭԪΪĵһ׼ֵϵǡһߵķԿ
ĸԴԶʮʱһ֮Ϊϵ۷ȻԷ
ʡɴ˿ɼҮ˵ԪʵϾʷһֱڵ׼ֵϵ
ȻԷϺѧܹϲ޲Hugo Grotius  ָȻ
Էָܹһжĵ»硸Ʊܶ񡹵ȡһ
ȻѧɶǴձֵƳһֺķϵˣ
ںҮ˿ɵĻغ׼һ׼ȴļֵϵƳ
ġ޷ֶѡݴˣţᣩӦǡַɵĻ
a law-finding bodyӦǡ취ɵĻa law-creating 
bodyˡ֮֮ǰѾڡԣҮ˶
legislation һǿܵġ˵취ɣ
˵е෢УӰΪأĲ±Ȼֻ
ҩй֮޲뷨ɲͬɲǱģȴ
ʷķ֮󣬳Ϊ޴ȨĹߣͼ
ĳЩƣȻȴδѧοɴ񡣡̡ڡɵ¡
ָձصģԤһˡ
⣬ձԺͳԷ棬Ҳбǣ
⻯𽥽ӽ͡ںҮУġ
ġĺȻģǳġձġ͹۵ģԤ
ƵģݻγɵȻ淶Ǳֵġ

ںҮ˿ԭԴʷͳԴʷγɵձ
¹ʶ͹ͬǧݻĲĳŻɻġ
Ӣʷرе䷶ԡʱɵԾѾ
˹ͨĹͬˡʹԶΪȨ
ϵĸɾκ˶ַˡϰ߷ʵĵġ¡
Magna Carta ѱ֮Ϊɵ¡Constitutio Libertatis
ʵѳƹȨɵĸˡ¡1215
رǿ˱˵ĲƲȫȨδȡڵһ
ͬ⣬ձ˰ԼδУü̷
ǡ¡ԭ򡣶ͬһγɵӢᣬԭά
ԭĻֻǵʮȨרչűһ
һжǷר⣬ȡȨԴȡǷϺ
ѾڵЩԭжܵơɲ
ߵȨĹҲˣ˲رһȨ˵
ִ߳˷ɵ־Ȩ֮⣬ûκ־Ȩʷ
ֹȨõЧʽȨķƺ⡣֮⣬

ڲⲿ

ںҮʮġɡɡһУһ
ķԴۡͣڲcosmos
ⲿtaxis ⲿΪģڲԷ
Ǿɸݳ໥õǶγɵģЩͨݻķ
ʽġcosmostaxis ϣģҮ˽ϸֶߣͬʱҲ
ļԣ

ʷǰʱΪȻһǳȻ˵־
֮ġĹҲδɣͨ͡ĳּƩּ
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ݻ𽥲ģҲͲٱ˵־͹۴ڵģ
͹ȨҲͲڣӶɥʧȨֶεˡ

춹淶ǵΪ֯Ĺ߶ɣ𽥵
ֲͬ淶ͱˡʵϣǰ߲ȷ
޻֮ᣬΪΪ淶ķҲˡֻӢ
⣬ϰ߷ʹμʷϣӢϰ߷ڲĹ
ǷԺڲԤ·չġרע
֯ںҮ˿ϰ߷ڲݻ˽񷨻
Ĵڣʹ⵽ƵȨĿơΪݻĽ
ϰ߷ĳЩԣʹ춱ַˣӦϰ߷
Ϊģ˽ĸҪԣγһ֡򡹣catallaxy 
ǺҮ˽ȡгáõáһԭĳ
һĿģгȴûеһĿ꣬ڶࡸá֮Ĺϵڡ
Уǿ˵Ŀ겻һ£֪˵Ŀ꣬
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ϼʻÿһλʻԱԼĿĵأĿ죬֪
ͬͨΪʽ£Ŀͬ˶ֳһ־
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䡸Ϸ򡹡ʤɼɺͻġˣ˵
ĳЩȻҲ֪Щ󾿾ʲô۸򵼣
ʹԼṩ÷֮ء

򡹵ԴЧãΪĲƸҮ
ʵΪڡУ۸൱춿еĸ
ڵȡĻ򡣢

Ү˹ڷγɵĹ۵㣬ʷѧǺϡɴάᣬ۱
֤˷ɲϵģһڵڤڤ
ĲڵڤڤǵĹͬʶΪͳ
ϰߣݻΪɡˣһǻлء𽥵
γɵġӢϰ߷˾ϵγɵʷһµġ

⣬ҮйطԭԴͱԵĹ۵㣬Ҳõ
ۼGiovanni Sartori֧֡߳ƺҮⷽķǡ
׿Խġ

ǣҮ˺ֲȻԼġԭأڡ
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͵дר˽ЩͬѧɵĹͬ㣬еȻѧ
ɣĳַĹɴڡһͬеʵ֤
ĳЩлЧġЩɲģǱֵģʵ֤
Ե׼ԼΪʲôҪɵĸԭЩԺη
еѧΪԡ须еΪеΪ
ԣǷ֧öġȻݣе
Ϊ㲻䣬еΪǿɱġѿԿҮ֮áȻһ
ΪͬȻĻ㣬Ȼڲ
ЩԴԶķ

ԺҮܴʵ֤壿һ߼һ
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ѱ弰ֻҪȨҿɲȡκ
жһս֮ᣬѷH. Kelson ʹһ¹Χһ
Ĵͳҵѹʱ˵ĻλἯɣƴת
Ϊнų˵ƵȨ
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ʶϵĳ衣ֹտ˷˹͹ʤĴš
˼ϣڵ¹ɡ꣬۹˹͹
ڷ֮¹ңûɣҳ˷ɵķ²Ϊʹ
塹жӳĹɵԼ½ųԱʹԼĹ
ҵ־

ķɷչ켣ɱ뷨εĵȻ޴һӲҵ
棬ܲɷ֡սãڵķרѿ
ǲܵ¡ߵĶԿʲ׼ʵĻ롣
ʾ뷨ˮݵġһۼҸָ
ԭ˽Ļԭʲ׼ۼԲܶõģ
ɣκ鶼ֹע⣬зɱĻԭǣ߽
ΪǷεıʺ֮һҲɵĺ塣ڹңȫ
ˡֶɵĶɱʷǰġǬֱӹɸ
岻ָڷϵʤָκηɵ
ʤΪ׼֮ᣬԿͻٴˣҲ֮ʧ
߷ԺԺһ˽Ĺٷļָġһλѧۼ
ƻõȫ͹ʽʤȻɡ
Ҫ֮ңûķɹϵڵءֻи
ĹһзɽΪһй̶ĹɽΪЧĺ뿼
ǡ

ַɵĸ߶ȼȨڷεȻ²ġ

Ү˹

ǣҮһ˼·Ȼһѣǡԭ
ʵ˾ʵϵѣȻԭǲķͨι̣ͨ
ĳ˭жı׼ȻҮΪԷ֮
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˭֣˭ȷֳͨȷŷϡԭ򡹣
˭ʲôжĳһܷǷϳԭģ

һжϵĳֳ˺Ϸԣֱɷʵ֤
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ҮڡɡɡһУҮ˶뷨ɵĹϵ
˽һģĳЩȫµ춡ԭκ˾ʵ
ѣڸи½취°ṹӦ
ݹܻΪᣨLegislative Assemblyᣨ
Govermental AssemblyΪһԹ˽
̷棬һĳȻܸߣ䲼Ϊ
繫档ִͻһȻ
˾ܷԺþ

ԱڣҮ˵ĿԽϳΪˣʮһ죻
Ա䣬Ӧ45ϡ̫࣬ÿѡʮ֮һɼѡ
ƣίɴѡлְߣΪ
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Ү˵ϰţǻ¿ǣ1.  ΪѡĿǨ
漯źĹ۵

2.  ϽΪ죬ͬʱڽѵ䣬ϵ
£޺֮ǣȽܹ

3.  Ϊѡѡ

4.  ųְΪ˱θŶƫ˽
רϡⷽ棬Ү˿ܱѯǣǷų漯Ŵ
֮ͻйĳͻƽ⣿

ںҮ˵ĿҪѡ֣Ҫų漯ź͵ƫ
Ӱ죬ӶܹȻǣαϣ˵Խϳڣ
15꣩ųѡǨ漯ţǵκ˶Լ棬
ԱͷٵȻҲ⣻ôηֹΪѡרϹִԼ
ƫ濼޷ѡԼأǵͻǲɱ
ģˣκȨ͸˶ӦƽȨʷκ
˵ʵƶΪξð֮ߣûбϡңϸ
Ү˵һӡʵ֤塹ĳʡΪ˭Ϻԭ򡹣
ջܷԺĲþ˵һĽ۾ǷΣ
ϷԾͳ˷Ρ͸ҪĵλԣǷʵ֤Ĺ۵㡣

Үһֱû㹻Σ漰ҪǶνѹ
Ρgroup politicsĲθСȻʵζԣѹΡ
ǲɱġǣ漯ͨ˵ӰǷ
ǷȻרأҪ͸ۡ

ʵϣֳɸ漯˵Ȼ󡣸漯Ŷ
ȻҲбϣӰߵȨǶԹ
ﲢǲġɶκ漯Ŷûнֹӣ
ŶйطԼķȨһԿǹƽ
ġ

ҮĽ취ǹͨķɶǹ˽ձԵķϵ
ԭġǣǡǡ˭ͨʲôĳǷǡ
˽ձԵķϵԭġ

Է֣Ү˹ľ뻯
ʵԵġ

Ү˳˶Ȩ⣬ԡȨȨ
Ҳ裬ֻж߷Ժжӡʷ

ϸԿҮ˶Ȩŵ̬òʵ
ȨشСأȨشߣľҲԽĵҲԽ
һ־ľ廯ΪʵʵУŵȨ
ǵȨŵҲΪԡᣬԭȨ
ߵģ䲢մʵӰԴ߷Ժ
ԤͨǵճȨȻǰߡ

ĽŢ

ںҮ㷺۵֮һҮ˹Ļ۵ǣ

һռġԵļֵļֵȡṩ˶
ϡ˵ֶֻΣĿġͬͬ
ǣԷǰƽȶ߶ͬгŵͬǣǰ߹ĵȨ
ʽͷƶķʽͳmajority rule߹ĵһ
ʹǿ֮ȨǷ֮ķΪȨ
authoritarian governmentķΪȨ壨
totalitarianismüȨȨҲпܲȡߡ
֮עǣ˭ӦȨıԴԼӦַͨʽ
ȨעǣȨӦͳε̶ֳȣַ
ĸȨʲôԼακȨĸȨ

ִ۲ڡͬʵȺhomogeneous community ֵ
루ͬʰѪͳ֡ڽ̡ԡϰߡĻȷͬһ
չִѲɷֵǱϸ
ۿܵķĳȱݡʵϣȨright of majority ֻһ
ķΧڲűϣչ֮⣬߽ܵƵġ

Ȩpopular sovereintyĺĹܵǿ
Ӧĳ޶ȡһʱĶtemporary majorityӦܵĳЩ
Եĸԭlong term principle ơӦ
ȨΡΪ޵ġ£ɱϸϣ
ȨıϣɵȵȡǿȨǿȨУ
ûκαҪȨˣݱµרȨɱΣe
magoguery ӶַȨŸרǵ֤

躣Ү˶֧֣Դɣ1.  ʷһη
ĺƽＰƽ˵ķʽ

2.  ȻɣȽ϶ۣƸάɣ
رԽֹ˶ԸʿѹȶۡҮ˶Ƿܱϸ˶Կ
ѹȣǡ

3.  ƶȶԹ˽⣬棬ǽڵΨһ
Ч;Ҫ¶ֺ֧ӣʵṩ
ָ֧ĿĿܡ֮Խܱ֤ѡμң
ǴܲµĺϷȻʱʱЧʲߣӳԶЧ
ŵǲݻɵġ

ԴӰۣǾɶġԷĳ
ˣһڶ֮ġγ
֮⹹Ҫǻһ;ɡǣ
Ϊṩͬķʽ⣬ṩ˱׼𰸣ǻ⣺
ʲôǡڱ϶ķɡʲôǡӦеķɡʾڱ
϶ȻȻȷֻʾĵʱ򣬲
ʾǻøϢ͸֪ʶеžɹۣ
ܸĽԼʶκڵҲпܳΪ˵ۡˣ
Ⱦ֮һǱάɵԭƶȣʹĿܣ
ʹɺиĽĻᡣ

ľгԽǻۣзΧԭ򣬲ſɻ
䡣Ϊľ鲻סƶȡԭ򡢹ɵԷĳᲢۡ
ڶǿơ졢Դݻ
Ҿĸͻơ⣬δѭʷظĹͬ
ԭ򳣳δԤϵĶͨǣԼǰľ
ȽһȡжµĴֲǰʧ޷԰Σһ
ٴ޿ɽѵԨ

ﴦʵʱضҪӭ϶˵ſȡû򱣳Ȩ
ˣдԵ쳱˼͹ǵֻǷ
ִڵԼȥ㷺ǲ¹ߣҲ
ûʱע˼롣ϣǼġ

˼ҾвͬṦܡǰרעʵӦ
ձ̽봴죬Ӷƶ߽ɫӦӦ
µġ̷롹¹˴ռᡣ

μȻǿܵѧʹĲܣϿ
ۼҲر˵ֻµʵչ
ʾܵǰһкҪӦȻ⡣ѡֵüֵ
˷Զǡǡķչ

ȷĻԭȨӸ˵
ɵıеɶõȨ
ȨȨԽصķΧĻ
ǳ֣֧֡ӦӵȨˣִ߱Ϊ
ȨһͨȷʱʵʹȨľԼǳ
ִľ鷴֤һΪĳԭ
㷺ѹ֮ȨôȨҲջغͿƵˣִ
иȨľضרᡣϣյɴȨһ͵֤

Ϊƽ;屾ʱ⡣
һԴȪ

ɹرֲΣȾ֮һϤ
ͳ

ںҮеĵλ

Үڡѧκ;õָ̽Ȼݣ
߲ͬǰ߹ĵȨĽޣ߹ĵ˭ͨʲô
ȨǴӸԵĶߵ־͸ˣ
ǼȨ壬ĶȨ塣ͽۣ
ԴһȨһԭƵȨ
ͬһʽһҲܹΪͣһƵģһ
ǲƵġ

ˡȨtotalitarian democracy͡Ķá
plebiscitary dictatorship ˵˼ֵȻΪһ
ȰţȽ϶ԣܴһɵᣬƶȲ
ƶȲƶǢġ߹ϵ֮ܣκƶ
̬ܱ⡣

ǼʹˣҲӦС޵unlimited democracy 
޵ǷǷģ϶ɣޣȨ
ʽһݡˣҮ˷ǿǣô
ȨԴΣȨĺϷԶǿȨܵƣһ⡣
ڡһָһֿɱĴΪʵ
󣬾ͿԷȨˡִǿ
ĿƿԾѡٵ洫ͳơʵϣΪ֧
ĳЩķӶʹȺܻݵļƻ֯γɵĶضΪ
רƫ˽ԨԴĵԭһµǽῴӵ
ȨĽʹôܸձԭԭ춴
еĶΪ˼ֶضΪ걨ȡйߵ֧
֡׶Ȩԭ֮һҲȷ
ԭ֮һ֮ϣȨԴԭ򣬾ĺԡǴ
Ҫġڼ˵߶ԣҪԵ෴ġ
۵°ҶռϷ硣

ֻǾ͵ķ˹͹ʵ飬һԭĸ
ҪԲϷԵ͹˳ԭڡԭ֮ϵĸ
ԭһϣҮ˵ʶؽҪġܹʮ;޴ѵ
࣬ûȨ־ʷ鷴ԭ

ƣһЩ

Ү˶ʱһЩҵ˼ָЩ
ǷǷεġܵġӸʵǲġ

νǷεģָȨơ漰ɵʽʵ
۵𡣺Ү˷ʵ֤巨ѧɣζǷԷɵʽ۵ġ
ǰرǿԭ򡹵ĸԡҪԡȨܵЩԭ
ơ

ִеһֹǣУȻѾȡߣΪ
ȨԴҲûбҪȨˡԴˣҮ˽˼ķ
Ĳ⣬ָרƵΣգǿܶū۵Ҫԡ

һйǹܵʽۣǰʵ֤巨ѧ
ֵĹ۵㣬ֹ۵㣬صһзͲܲӵ
оԵĲԼȨƽص

νܵģҮָΪǨ͸漯ŵȨ
漯֯ҪԼȨ򣬽ѡ֧
͡Ȼμҵĵλ༯ŵ֧֣ǳǨ͸ಢ
Ҫ̻Ҫ̧߹˰͹ҪųЩг֮⡭
ȡ֮ĳĳ̶ֳϸԤгҮΪǨ漯Ż
гƽ⣬ڴ𺦡

ͬ⺣Ү˵Ϊ漯֮以ྺӰ
ĳƽ⣬ҲгơҮΪ漯ҪӰ
죬֯ЩĺҪȺǲ֯ġ磬
ߡŮˡũڹˡ칤ˡƽߣϣϣ
ͨͺ;ˡȵȡˣЩ˽֯漯
˵ʧ

ʹ֯ʩӰȨһƻг۸ϵ
ƣؽ½Ӷ˹ڵ档

νģҮָǼȻδܷӷΣеԱͽ
漯ŵּ£кܶ˹ɵ漯ŴӲͬķ
֧򣬵ȴȫܲȡһµжӶΪͲǿȫ
Ľּۻ۵Ľˡ

νģҮָǵһЩУռȺ
ӵľȨӵֲͬȨƶΪȨ
ԼʵĳĿӦȡжȨ춸öȨڳͻ
ǲʹԼƶԭ֮Ǿ⻹ǳⶼ
ͬһϵĶ֮ԴҮţ漯ŵּۻ۱
ڶϿɵԭ½Сֻԭ֧£Żǰһµ




һҪ󾭼ʷ켣ʹ˶ԣ
ĳʷԵĹֹֻʷĹǱȻˡ
ȨľͬľȻʵ
֮Ψһͬƽȡǣڡͨū۵ĵ·ָ
һ֮ƽȣūƽȡ

壬һֱǺԶġ

ĹϵҮڡͨū۵ĵ·Ѿ
ֵʷڵڶսʱ鶥塣
Үд¡ʱѿʼ˥䣬˼ʵ
ʮѾȫ磬1989֮ᣬľȫ
˺ҮΪʷһѴ18481948Ϊŷʱ


ʷԵ߼ڣͨǿ
ķδͳž©ʹΪǡ塹
ͳһҪʷ⡣

ҮһԸĴ󡷶
ȫУȶڡ¡дطչˡ

עͣ

0 F.A. HayekTHE CONSTITUTION OF LIBERTY  The University of 
Chicago Press 1960 P.18 F.A. HayekLAWLEGISLATION AND LIBERTY
Vo2.Chicago & London The University of Chicago Press and Routledge & 
Kegen Paul1976 P.104John RawlsA THEORY OF JUSTICEHarvard 
University PressCambridgeUSA 1971 Hayek THE ROAD TO SERFDOMP.
82see Essentials of Democracy Ifirst of three Town Hall 
PamphletsNew York1938p.21 75th Congress Ist. Sess Senate Report 
No. 711 June 71937 pp.8 15 & 20. F.A. HayekTHE CONSTITUTION OF 
LIBERTY  The University of Chicago Press 1960PP.178-179 ͬ飬
P.163 F.A. Hayek RULES AND ORDERP.72 F.A. HayekTHE  
CONSTITUTION OF LIBERTYPP.149-150F.A. HayekLAWLEGISLATION AND 
LIBERTYVol. Chicago & LondonThe University of Chicago Press and 
Routledge & Kegen Paul 1973P.85 ͬVol.31976 p.125
Giovanni SartoriTHE THEORY OF DEMOCRACY REVISITEDNew Jersey 
Chatham House Publishers Inc.1987P.336F.A. HayekTHE 
CONSTITUTION OF LIBERTY PP.236-237Ҿμ16¢F.A. HayekLAW
LEGISLATION AND LIBERTYA NEW STATEMENT OF THE LIBERAL PRINCIPLES OF 
JUSTICE AND POLITICAL ECONOMYVol. III THE POLITICAL ORDER OF A FREE 
PEOPLE  ChicagoThe University of Chicago Press 1979 PP.106-114 
ԱҮ˹Ĺ۵ɲμF.A. HayekTHE CONSTITUTION OF 
LIBERTY 7 ¡пάľԵ֮⣬
ƶͱײ̽Ҳж硶Ĳ㡷Michael J. 
Sandel DEMOCRACYS DISCONTENTHarvard University Press1996Ϊ
ȨΪƶѾˣӦ֮ԡȺ塹
communitarianism򡸹񹲺塹civic republicanism ڡȺ
塹7 ¡硶Ļƻ衷Patrick E. Kennon 
THE TWILIGHT OF DEMOCRACY1995New York һ飬ˡͨ
25Ϊȫηһ۵ľͼʶԼ˵ָƶ
ʧܵġѡٳĹԱЩ޴ġ
Եġ԰ͼпά˵κƶһ
ضĳͱײܱΪκݻսᣬǵϵ
áF.A. HayekSTUDIES IN PHILOSOPHYPOLITICS AND ECONOMICSP.
161F.A. HayekTHE POLITICAL ORDER OF A FREE PEOPLEP.4 F.A. Hayek
THE POLITICAL ORDER OF A FREE PEOPLE P.145-146 
