
±廹壿

һҮ뱣




Ϸ硣ӣҮǱ˼֮һ
һڲ֪ʶȦӵĶѺҮ˹Ϊߣ
һ˵ǣҮӪ춱صһǣҮ˱˲
ͬһָƣǱ壬ǿص⡣
һѰζ⡣岢ްɫʣ޷һ
˼ɵƶѡúҮ˵˵屾Ƕ춼ұǨ
Ϸ̬ȣҪԡԺҮ˶춱ǩν̬ȣ˼
Ĺ࣬һЦ֮ǵġҮڡ¡һİУ
ȴרԡΪʲôǱߡΪ꾡Լ˼뱣
ȷ֡ͱȻҮΪԼ˼һ
ĵĳν⣬漰һЩԭ򣬲ݻԭڣν
壬˼ʷһЩضĺ壬Щ뺣Үŷ
ξѧȤΪһ̸ۻҽɱ⣻⣬Ϊ
һЩԷԡ塹Ϊġš塹ĵġʵ
˼ɿ̵ơһڶʮڽǣ൱
顣

Үָطֱ汾(¡)ȡġ
塻мҪԡʵϣҮƪУ
Ҫڡ塢塹ЩʹֵĻҡ
磬֪ͳάߣߵĹ͵ˣ
Ӣϵɵˡŷ͵ıߣıڲٷ
Ǹġ֮յǣ(liberal)ߣʵ
Ѵкǿ򼤽ɫʣŷ޾ʵѾԯ
ˡʹŷ޵ѧ˵춰൱ǿɫʣѾ
ǰܶ˼תйġ
ڡΪʲôǱߡУҮָ
ı𣬴Ӷӷ湴պͽ綨Ļѧ˼
·Ҫá
֮ҮΪߡ(liberalist)ϻԸ(Old 
Whig)άʮߡʮ͵ľ亭塣ָµĻ
棬뱣ԭϵĲͬ

1. ûȷķš뼤ĶԿֻӰ
巢չٶȣܸı䷽ԼصķͲ
ͬڼĿꡣˣ漰ĲһٶȻ⣬Ҫ
Ƿ⡣
2. ھϣ()ͱ岢
(С)һֱϣǳһΡ
ȻΨ뱣֮䣬ڱڽ
Ⱥķڽ(antireligionism)֮䣬ȷʵĳм
º·ߡ
3. Ա䶯иĿ־壬κͬʱ
ȥֹ䶯ּݻ䶯Ϊ缱ȥ
ϰʹ֪ȷеĺɳԶ֧ŵġ
嵱ȻϣĳЩֵЩֵֵñ棬Ϊʷ
Զɵ롣
4. ȨΪȨĹǿγɵġһ
طѹƺרϵȨֻҪѹƺרΪȷĿľС
ֻҪ˵УͲӦķ̫ơ
߱ȱԭĻߣҪͳΡ
ȨһֽȫĻɣΪ(µ)ǡǡγԷ

5. Ծõȱ˽⣬ٻ
;ͬ顣õĻľ֮һִͷٵ
ҪԴȪ
6. ѵı׶˹֮ƣҮʽ巴Ե
ơΪƶнϴԽԣ
ΪȨĺƽתƷʽνʽ档еģ˭ͳ
⣬ʲô͵ڴΪĸҪ⡣
7. ֪ʶչϣ֪ʶһų
䲢Ϊһб䶯ǽչ֪ʶչŬĻĿ꣬ڴ
֪ʶĳɳܽѣ̬ʱ׼֪ʶҮ
˳Ʊ֪ʶηΪ(obskurantism)ˣ棬
ҮǷԱġ
8. ڹ(statism)(nationalism)ʹ֮
Ϊﵽ(collectivism)֮ĹΪǿң
Ҫǳ׷ʾ÷ֹ֮Ӷ¹ͬ÷֮ǣԼɹ
ҵľͻսĹ峣۹壬Ƕ
Ļǿеʹ֮Դ
ᳫԸͨĽǴȤġ

1967ġѧ뾭õ̽һУҮٴָ
ҳʽ硢ԼȨݷ棬嶼Ǳ
壻˺ܶһʱڣ嶼䴫ͳ塢
Լ򣬷ԼЩΪʹö
ˡ

ͳƶ

ڰʮڣҮ䡶Ըܽ˵Ȼҵ
ȷʵؿ(R. Burke)һʽ
ı(Tory-Conservative)ӡʵϣ˼еıسɷ֣
صĺġȫ޳ɳʵ顣ʵϣ޳ɵɳ̶ȣȱ
ͨҪĶࡣҽҪ̸ЩΨ֪ʶӣ
ԵģǸʵ飬ǡǡ෴ʵ̫١ңΪ
һЩԣʵһЩ´ĵΪָع鱾ܵĽ飬
ʷ϶αҪһΪ档ΪֹѾ֪
ʵٴˡʵڲ֪ǻʲôʸ񱻳ʵ顣Է
ЩΨߣΪƣЩʵ齨ǵĽۣ
ΪԼٿѧķЩʵ齨װͬʱҲΪƾ
ǾͿһһЩӰһЩĴͳ
(ǶǺüԴʵݻĽᾧ)ܵһ棬
Լʵӱܼ飬ܵڻ

Ҫ֮Ү޳ɶݻĹ淶̬ȣǣԭй
ı׶ˣĸҪ֤Σ߷򲻱ؾ֤һ編
ġƶԭˣڸĸ޳֤֤ɹ淶·ʽı׶˸
ĻǾûɺȨȥԱƷɹ淶һǿ쾿Ү
ڴͳ̬ȵļؼ֮㡣

Ļѧǣͨʷо;ֵܹ˽ʵ
֪Լʷеλ֮ǰǲ֪Լδ֪
Լȥη
һǣ߿ĽǶ̬Ȳͬ
ڰڿǹȥһϵķչдﵽһ㣻
ڿδ㡣
ڵĹͬǣ춺Ҫ״
ԺҪı״˫ͬûиΪıߡ
ҮΪԭĺ׼ǼػǸı״˿˻
ǻܵ𺦶һ׼Ըͳе飬Ӧ
֮Чͨԭ򡪡ƶ

ԣҮ˲һλļ˱ߡ
ˣһҪ漰Ү뱣ĹϵĻԼĽ綨
ʵʵģҮֻһλ±ߣ̵̺
ԭ֮еġ˵֮һձıĵȻ죬
ֻйݻǰ߼жѡ
ȤǣҮ˵ѰͰأͱ壬ر
ϵı塣
Ͱ˵(Ҳն)ϣûбȱ
ȱԣ¸ˡһ㣬뺣Үйġ
ǣӹɣҮ˵ѧУȷʵЩ뱣
ںҮ˵˼뼰緶Զ׼ĳ־ɫǱ
м뱣Ϊһ̸ǲֻص̺
ж߸Եķ񣬲С

Ү˾ϵĹɫ

κͬҮйˣܸܵϵĳԴľ
ʡӴ󺣹Ϊжȡнڣׯϵΰ
ѧˡǡȾİµӢĻͳȻйϵ
ġ
ǣǰ־˼ϵıǲܻȺŵģ
߾ܻΪһ̸
Ǿһ򵥵ĶԱ˵㡣֪ӢĹ崫ͳ
ԶԱƣƺӢҲԱԱءشͳ
Ȼ˼һ£ͻᷢԶ򵥡е
ӡʵǾõġ룬ĸ壬˹ҵı˴
ͳũҵᣬִʽشͳӢˡĸ
壬ı˵Ĵͳʽִ뾭
̬ƶȺгƶȣشͳӢˡ˭
ʷϵһδһӴܵȻѧϵӸϸıȻ
ĴͳִѧոʱӢţ١Ƶӣʤö
......ӢĻһЩصĶԱȣһ׮ֵ˼Ļ
Ӣǿĳ֡ɱԽǾηͳԽܳԽ
ͳԽǱɭϣԽܲƽʷϱ洴µĳɹ
һԱ졢Ϊ¡ʱ׼봫
ͳѣʱʱڿʷոʱԼźֹŽȥ
һСʷɸΰ±͸
˼Ҳǰʱ֣ɧһɣ
ɡƩ統ͷ˼ңܶ඼ڷ磬(Jacqes 
Lacan)(Michel Foucault)ϣ(Jacques Derrida)(Gilles 
Deleuze)ŷ(Jean J. Lyotard)ȵȡɣһͳĹ
ҲĿõġЩۻҵϷЧȣʷ
ĳϸѷ֣ǵĴٻУĿϾ
Ĺ߲٣ʷϡεؽƾΪĲ̫
ࡣڷǸؿǴʽѭ̻
ѣĿ׳綯ĹǾʷǨ㣬
ǣ̻ţƱİڶԻص뵱ԭ
޼
Ӣ˶Դͳȡȷʵơƶ̬ȡӢʽĽչǲΪ
Ӫķʽ൱ؿǰһһ
ʷϵĿԾͺܴ
ȻҮ˵ľʣӢʽģǷʽġ

Ұ۲죬ϵȽйֿԿ
һͼӺҮϣԱйǲѷرŷᴫ
ͳһ֡ص㣬Լסƽ漰ھӢĻ
ַ⣬Ҳ漰ԴԶĹ崫ͳչһҪ⡣
飬ʹ߻õ̸֮һǣĻ
ֲԶйԺȷľӢһˮ׼Ǽ
޴ӢĻĻĶʷԨԴʵݵġ
йߵȴ൱ģġ
漰˫ƾõĴͳȻ˶ٶƽȻ
˳ĳˢŷ޵ĹƶҵѽˡѸ
ֲͬĹΪһ̸Ӷʹ֮ΪͬʵĴڣȻְѱϵĴ
ڷֳȱĸ˵ȡ(ؿR. Burke)һۼ岢
ȱṹȱлĴͳ͹еĵ¼ֵΪ
ִȨĵһҪĹϵ
Ȼ˶˹㷺ڱ崫ͳƽã
ƶȻӡʵϣһĻ
ִԱľƷо󲿷ֶڹʱġ߻
壬Ǳ̻ʹּҡҡܼҡҡʫ˵
Լѧߡ֮ǽ񣬲ǴڻƽĲ
ǲĲһΪгӭϹ˿͵Ȥζ
һЩҺѧߡȻΪĹ͢ɳǰȡֻǿ
õϸߵı꡹ȡ

йȴͬȻκʱ֮ǰƽĻҲɭ
ġйԴʵй㷺ԿƾȡʿһҪƶ֮ɭϵŵڽ
𲽴ƣϲ²֮ĿĻֲ
ϮϸӲƽӵпͨʮ꺮Ŀ
ᡣˣĻͳʹʶֻ𾴵ĵλ
ʹռ쳣ײ㡣мڴˣȻйĻдͳС
ͳ֮𣬵Ƚ϶ԣйľӢĻʹĻûϱݵ֣
ǻͨģġ

ֲͬĴͳֵǺѿ͹۶пϣеĻ
ϵĻľΪҪĿݣȻγɵĻֲ
ڸ֮չƽΪȵļֵ
ӢĻĻĻ֣ҴĻһʷнռ
λ
ȡ֮䣬ȫ֮

Ϊʣ˵Ĺ

ںĻУйһϻѩѡ
֮ĺ׼ġʷʵָ֧ѧ;
ƷĿԺСȻʷҲྫĻƷľ
չĹԹġˣĻʹҵ˶
ԣߵֺ֧ͽҪġĵ¼ֵͷеıǨɴ˶
ʷϣ¶Ŀ׳ԼͲƲϴڵı֮ʶ
µȤζǧ࣬ڷܶڻù֧֡ʷʵʤ
ö٣ϳūƣ̷ƼֹŰͯƴ
ߣԼ֡ѧѧľԳɾͣ......ȵȣ
ݱִľȶԵķɺʹ֮ĹŵĻأнײ
ʿֺ֧صġʷʵӦĸǿ
ɫʵƽĨɱ

ѭ˼ѷ֣֮ƶڣϿ
йҺ͵Ľ
ȻַʷĽչʽ֮ϵǼ򵥵ġ
ԵġǷ֣ʽʱԻʱش
ɾͣʽʼ֮ʱǣӸϿ־ֵĴ
ͱԾ״ԤȸΪǰġ

Ͼײڵ} 

ڡ͹ʥĿں£Ǯ˶˼˶գң
ڵײѳΪĴʣִɫҴң
ֶΪӶײ㣬ŽŵĻеϸѭ淶Ĺһص
δζʲô
ںҮ˿һ֪ʶ¡ȫΪԱ
ΪӶִһΣաںܶڣЩ֪ʶ
쵼ѾɥʧλΪ׼ĻūĻ
ķչǺͷ
һҪı仯ʼʮ͡ʱдڶġǹԱѧ˺ѧ
ң磺ʿѧߴġ(Thomas Macauclay1800-1859,Ӣʷѧҡ
ѧҺμ)(Johr Ggote, 1811-1866, Ӣѧ)岨(
lobbock)Ī(John L.Motey,ʷѧ)ǵ˹(Henry Adams,1838-
1918,ʷѧҼ)пά(Alexis Tocqueville,1805-1859,
ѧ)ʩ(Heinrich Schliemonn,1822-1899,¹ŴĻʷ)ȵȣ
ΪĻѧһʱ֮ѡкܸߵʹǷ˼Ҳܻ
˹ԴݵؽԼоӰʷĽ̡
죬ĻײȻţ徫ȫ綼浭˿
ΪԡȫĲƲԣײΪҵӪߣȽϴͳ
в壬ɿִĸԣײ̫æĻȲ㣬ȱ֪ʶ
졣ʷʵԼӦȻԭϣԣײʿı
ӦԽײ֮ϡȻȫˡǰһ
ƣֹʿĳֺֹӵвƸĶʿö
֮Ӱ죬вײĻݼӢѳһʱ󣬲
չŷޡԭͨԼ˰ƶѴݻϾ˼Ľײ㣬
һڷֹֽײĳ֡
ʷʵǣϾʿмֵľƷı󳬹ѧ(
ڼߵȾҵʿ)ԼԱġϾʿΪϾ
׵ĹԼеľֹͨΪһ˷ѡȻ֡˷ѡ
ʷϴɵʵϣеʽҲǳڹȥ
Ͼʿĵ꡸˷ѡƷоĽ
ûеʱЩԣҵమߣƱ꣬ƾȤȿô
Щְҵ򡢸߶ֺͲݹԱ(Ϊ˽ղߵļ̳)
أԼֵĴԲרעߡǳڵ
ʷṩǵĻʵ֮һ

ҵʿʿ

ķչʹӶԱ󳬳ǵһ
شκ塣еڣѡ˵Ĵǡ
Ķ汻ЩҵԱԱ֣֮ҵĹ·硣
ǹȥδֹ
ԱĴûԶʶ㹻ĹΪԱͬʱ
Ҳĳ棬ҵ˥޷ֹͬʱҲؽܵ𺦡
֮ܵв˳ռѡ˶ľҵԱڰԼļ
ʶ̬ǿᡣҵԱվԼĵλѿԼ
ڹʵҵɣΪҵľֱҵԱ
ϵҵδĻᣬԵ͹ʿйҵ
ɵҪԣҲ͹˸ðնõλ
Ƕձ鸣Ĺס

ɵĺڸָ̬ıʽнѡȨ
ÿ̬б׵ġ;ҵðգΪٵΣ
ķ棻ײڣԽϵͣΪƽսԡҵ
ź񣬸ڴ̼ɾ͸нǿ֮ײڣսϸߣ
̫ѹء
ûʮȫʮѡȫԼ׿ԼصĶ
ңһѡԼͱеĺǱ
׼䲻ķ档

Ի񱨳ˣǱԼʱͼܣȥ˰
ŵˣ˵ּӦ֮壬Ҫ
ıҪۡʱԱоأƣһԣⲢ
ζűɣѹȡΪȻϲ˹˹ķ
ʧԸȨ֮ѡ⡣ѡ
ڡԹԣβȹԱɣʵϸΪϿᡣ
ھᣬձʧҵʱڣԱǶһİ
֮¡һʵϺҪ顣ֵעǣɲó
Լһ㲻ǿִΪرĹ޽Լκ˶ñ
һϰ֮¹ʹԼд˹涨ʱҲЧ
˵ľᣬ䱨Ѿ⣬ɹѡᣬ
ǴڵġԣԽ࣬ԱѡҲԽй
˵˴үү
෴һͨǹңʱӶҵͳı
ΨһֶΡ¢ԵĹıȻ߼ǣӣһֿ
ȫ׵ģ㡸Ӷ֮䡹ΪֱӻǼӣ
ӵоԵȨѹÿһˡ
ԭ(ƻ)ҷ飬ҲǱΪȨ
塹(ȫȨ壬totalitarianism)Ҫԭ֮һ
ڶ࣬ҵײȻռѹƣ͹
ں̶ܴϾ𲽰ǵƽ㣬ӦǵҪ(ҲǱ
˼ԭ֮һ)ͬʱΪ˿ڶľҵײ㣬ǿ
淢֧ԵЧӶʹƵķǵб
ҺĴߣйء
г˽вƲ˲ھþƣڷʷ
ɾ͡ŲƶȶĹǣʹǲܵŴҲɷ֣ƶ
ˣõĽ⻷ʹ֮ճϰߵΪ
ӣҪԴȪʽĿ֣ȱ
ѡߵĿ꣬ľƸ
ҮΪŲƶΪ֪Խѡη
˺Ү˵ĴйɫʵĿԱȽһ޶˹(John Rawls)
ԭ򣬾Ϳɷ뺣Ү˹۵൱ġ
ʵϣߺ൱ߣŲƶȳַ̬
ȡ֤ǣŲƶʹһʹ춲ƽȵľϣӶ
Υ˻ṫƽԭ򡣶ңʹһ޹»ػòƲ
棬Ҳǲƽġ
ǣӾЧʵʩȡŲƶȻռߵŲ˰ߣ
ʵϱضвǰԲƲҪĹȻӻ˷ѣʹ
ͶĲƸ𡣶ЩķʽǰͰѲƲתŮ
ʵͬﵽŲƶȵĽΪصǣԼǰĲƸ
ȨƣǧټʹԼʱλȡȨȨ˽ܣΪ
ҡȥ۲йԭңȡŲƺ
ĸ߹ٶĸ߸ӵȨԼߵ޷оͿԾ˵֤ʵ
Ү˵ԤԡӷȡŲƣʵͿ͹Ч۲죬
ĹƽȵġˣΪŲƶȻᵼǾĲƽȵˣ޷
ҳһõƶȡֻҪΪܴһȱƶ֮
þǾͿϵݻ̭Ų̳ƣ
̺вײĵģǱײСһƶȰš
׵һǣÿ˶Լ˽вƲǷгֵĴȨ
ִ֪ѧ磬춲ƲȨۿ˵Ǻţ䶰൱꾡
ע⵽ƲȨʵǡһȨǰռȨʹȨתȨ
Ȩ(򸶳Ʋ)Ȩ......ȵȡǣȨƽ
Ҫ۵ġռȨתȨǸġתȨƲȨͲ
һȨˡ
ˣҮ˵ĿŲƶ˽вȨƵ߼
⣬Үָ֪ͥһһشڵ¡ܡȤ֪
ʶ棬еҪĹܣԾͲӦʲƸʵϣҪʹ¡
֪ʶȵĴڳΪܣôһ׼ʽҪġ¡
֪ʶȵĻúͳھصĴУҲһ
ĳ˳ڸң˫ԴȨԺգ˿޹غ˵ĵ
񡣶ʵϣ˴ӽΪԣʻгɳչ˴ӽϸߵ
ܻ½𲽷չȺĹ׺ȷ
չġ
ңгֵ֤ЩмֵƷԣһ
ڷɳҪϵŬܳɾ͡ʷһᡢһ
ĻŲһЩͥĶвɵġйν
ʫ鴫ҡҡҴ֮֮͡˵ŷС
ҷ硹͡ȡ֮νľڱ(1) ͥұԸ
Ҫأ(2) ͥҲǹĻϸ(3) ͥʵѪԵ
ͨͬʱҲĻŲҪŦ
ƲѪԵƱԽѧļұۣȻڲ
ȨıǨڿԤĽԽҰڶƲѪԵݵ
̶Ƚ൱ĳɷϷӳŲ˰ձĸߵϡ

춺Ү˵СΡΡɫʵв
ѧǿҵϸЩĻݣѿѵ
ֵԴ뷨һֱչʲά˸й1949
ëĻԴ޶¡ɷϣٶʷȷ
ʵƽ񻯺ƽչĻǣڶ༣ǿ
ҵƽ˳ѹֵƣѾչȣԽķۡڰ
˶ʵĵѵ˿ǰѡˣɳĿǰ
ǿ֮ĩ춱ȫֵʷСྭĻ
ĹʱʷλعҲ˹㷺Ȥʵϣѧ磬ڹ
ѧĲˣҲٷӳֻıǨˣ춺Үⷽ
򣬽õʷУһ򵥵ĿһԶ֮¡

纣ҮԼѾģںǾ
֪ġ塹ġ

Ү͵

мڴˣ(liberalism)ǺҮ˼ӽʵʵ
ȻҲԼ(liberterianism)Ϊ˼ĳνΪ
ͬ
Ȼ֪ΪԼĵ˼ɿ˵廨ţ
ɫɫôҮͺŵʲô
أҪϸ⡣

Ҫɱ

ɨһ뺣Ү˲ͬɣߣ
ǿ·ᡣ

1) Ψ۵ŷ½(the rationalistic continental liberalism)

ҮɵҪڣɰϵĵλ
Ե̨£иߵͣȡᣬͼ֡Ψ͡(
rational pattern)ƹȫ򡣶Ү򲢲ԣԼ֪
ʶޣԳҪӲǵƶȡϰȥѰ
ϣ涼гĻᡸ(free growth)رǿ
ԡǱķչչģڳԽչĸ߸ϵ
ġԡ͡ǡ

2) Ӣ(the English liberalism of utilitarians)

ԷѱΪкŨɫʡ˱(
Bentham)Ļںžǣ˵ҸҮɵĻڣ
Ϊܹ֪˵ҸӶΪƻͰţ
г򡣺Үκθ˻ȫ
Ƶһʵʩ֡ơؽַɣӶ
ūۡ

3) ɻ(the liberals)

ɴԵɫʣιУƫڽ϶
ḣϴͽǿԤ֮нΪ˵ĲһЩ
˼ߣǿҵطʱ塹ܵ¹˸ѧɵĺܴӰ죬ر
ѧ(H. Marcus)ǿӰ졣Ƕ춴ͳӣʮ
ĻɧĲйʮĸо
νִۡߵľҮȻǸġ

ĺ빱

ҪⲢҮ͵ĺģġ֪֣й
ģķ
Ү˶Ļķ֮춣˵ϵӦΧ
ĽȻɾĻǼٴ˵жĲԲ
ƶĻݱеĸ־״̬Ǹܹ֪ġ֪֡
״̬ǲɱģоĻʱǼҪġΨ(
rationalism)Ψ(intellectualism)ĻڣΪ˵
Ȼ֮ģ뿪гԽжϺͲþ
˶ơվԵ̨ǰһС̬ĵʹΪ
ܴĻĻһ֡Ը
Ļѧ߻(Leslie A. White)˵ΪǶĻ̫֪
֪ķΧּ㷺ǲżԼܿĻָĻչ

֪֪ٵǹȥľ飬Ѿڻл˷
סϰߡԡ¡ϵȵȣĻγɣѳΪ
Ļһ֡κζδ֪̽ʶĴ£ϽУ
ƾա졹
вõ֪ʶΪ֪ʶļС֡жĳɹ
Լ޵֪ʶ⣬ڻԼ֪ʶĹͬɡ
Эͬķʽ֪ġ
⣬һ䶯ᵼνЧӦı
Դı䶯ǵĹʽϰҲ֮䶯
֮йص棬ҲؽӦ䶯ᣬ
Ӷµ⡣ϵ˶ԴⳣȻ
һ㼫ϸ΢΢۱䶯ϵ޴ĺ۱ǨνġЧӦ
Ḷ́ĳʶĿĵؾӪɵġƽ֮
ΪӦЩ΢仯ԭ߳ϣȡһһεӦ䲽裬
ǰӶġ쳤վõĵ󣬸
𲽻ýӦȥЩ΢۵ı䶯Ѿʷĺû
ˣı䶯ϸڣ޷Ԥ֪Ҫ֮޷ԤԵȻԷı
Ǩ
ԭ˵һµ֪ʶΪӵСνġ֪ʶ
֪ʶֻбĺ壬оʵڵݺ塣һи
֪ʶܺͣһͳһ֪ʶ塣νи֪ʶ֮
͡Ȼڣȴɢֲģʱǻìܳͻġκ
˶ӵдϵͳ֪ʶ塣˼ۺʶϵĸ塹

˵Ү˶ִҪףߣ¼

1)ûйͬĿǿܵġ
2)ͼָһĳһĿͽ޹ġ
3)֪ʶͨƶȺΪ׼ġ
4)ɶԺƽǱġ
5)ϰ봫ͳ뿪ҰġΪǲԤġ
6)ɵɵʹγɲȥ
7)ֲͬĻʽ嶼ȷġ

⣬Ү˼̺һҪҪأǼֵ塣Բͬ
Ⱥԣֵ()ǿɱġֵʵԵġжϼ
ֵµľԱ׼
һ㣬ȻĶعף˼ʷҰ(Isaiah.Berlin,
190966ա1997115)øΪ͸ֵĶԪ۵ĺģּڽ
׷ļֵĿǶģҳ໥ͻЩļֵ޷
γһĵȼṹʵҲûжǸµȼ˳Ĺϱ׼
ֵĳͻڸ֯Ⱥ֮䣬Ҳڸ֮䣬ͬʱ
Ĳͬ쵽ǵǲһԽԵ
ýġ

޺Ү

ɾͼ

ʷϣķֽУûκζܱȰǽҰͳ
ˡһȻµļʵȻ˶ʮ֮ãųΪ繫ϵ
ǽƬשҲ˶˲ݡһʵһα

ںҮ˿ոıһеĻҪɵгá
زģѧ۵ʵؽʵֶ춲֪
ӦӦ˼˵ǿԵƽΪһˮ
ѧӦ൱ȷظݾˮڲӴЩȥ˼
(гõ)

Ү˾ѧѧǣڷ֡塹͡ٸ塹
ֲµѧɵı߼Чԭѧ塣ָ塹
롸塹塹ڵġ֪ʶͳʼˣ
ά(Bernard Mandeville)ӣڶſ˶ɭǵ.˹ܡؿ
ȵгΣʮͣҪпάͰ˶١ٸ
塹ԴڵѿΨ壬֪ʶͳΪٿȫ׫ˡ¬
ũѧɵȡ֡塹ԤһЩĸ֮ڣ߼Ϸ
෴ķ塣ǰѸ˿Ϊ
е־һʽԼͿϱЩѧǣ
ȻЧ˴˼ٸ塣ǿʹ
Ϊ˵Ŀķ񣬶ҪˣֻаЩ˵ǵĿ֮£޿
塣
۵ĸ壬ΪҮ˵徭ѧеķۻأ
԰ѼԵĶ磬ᡢ׼Ļ......Ϊ÷Ļ
˼롹׼ľ񡹵ȴ󻰣ڱ֮Сֻиˣչ
ϸķԭ㡣ԭķۣ侭
ѧĻ
Ү˵ĳɾǣѧۣκΪһ
һݻۡ⣬Ϊݻ׷Դ̽Ļ
ʷ硣.˹ʿ(Sir William Jones)ݻоʼͨ
оǵ.˹ܵġۡμ˴ȥ̽ͨȻѡµݻ
ԸıĿԣݻ;ֵķֻʱˣ
ţľϡƶĵشͨıʾӦ
ʵ˹Ϊ˿ͽѹıԤԡ˹
ó˾ɥĽķֳɱسʲƷ
ӶڰǵǱԵġ￨(Ricardo)׷˹
õѧϣ˵ڸϣһСڵϣʲ
ôֻܾĻֶѡ
Ѿѧ۵Ϊһ졹ڵϰߣʵԤ
һϵͳ£ǺܷؽԴѧ۵ľ裬
ҸѧһϵͳԤ䵱ȻĿꡣ
ɱǣ;ѧ۵ķչԣ˴Ķ˹ķ
׷￨ࡣЩķչҪ˳öࡣֱǲ
򵽣νסǰ;ΣյĹλڰ֮ڵģҵ
ǣλڴӢ۹֮ڵġ˵עĿȻ
嶼÷ʳȻ˿ܶȳ˰һ
ᣬһϵͳĽ޷˸ıĻΪʽҲ仯Щ
ҲάȣƩ磺ʱռ䵱Ȼǣ֪ʶάģ
ϵͳڻϵͳصǵ֪ʶκαǨϵͳ
µʷϷĶΡĩս١ľţʵ֤ǵ͹
֪ʶµǱӦɵġļԤԣ
Ϊʱ̫硣

֮ͨ

ʮ͵ı춣Ӵ˿ھϵĻߺͼįΪҮ
ƵġԸܺߡһԸͼȥƺͿ
ˡǰᣬƵĲɱʧܣ
ǿƣζſ֪ʶͷᡣ缪(Gibbon)дģ
ˣǹŰ͵ˡ׵źں޶ڽ˲
һ졣ҲȺ
¼֤Ү֤ȷͨƵĿԵʶۻ
Ľ롣ʾھúϵͳУԱǨķ
ӦģʽǲԤƵġֻнгԷݻ춱仯ŵ
ӦԵķֻпܡȻ൱һʷ׶ΣҮ
֤˲࣬ȫѧԸ⽲˼
ȻԸںҮ˵Ķࡣ
ǣʵǣʷȻʤĹʵ˺Ү˵Ľ̨ǰ
ʵϣҮ˵ĽѾ޿ɷˡǣһԤԵ֤Ϊ
һ֤ȥԤԶ򾭼õκαǨȷӦô
֤ͬȥƻһ̵κγԶעʧܡ˵
üƻɹĻǼССġǲԤԼƻɹȻҲܾ
ԤɹָġԵǣڵһ
ʵ⡣Ȼƺͽһ᡹ɹļʽӽ㣬һε
μһѧʲôȨȥأ
ߵ߼©Ǿ޴ģҮ˵©ԶǺСġ

Ү˵ĶһĹ̡Ч֤ˣǵĴϰ
׺ƶȣƩԡҺͨϵȲⷢĲֲ
ȻҪءڡо֤Դݻ
Ḷ́ù̴ӿɹ۲йķൽγɹɣЩɰ˷ิ
ԵϵͳڲҪصĻݻǱֹŵģκθ
ʱЧǲȷͲԤԵġ
ҮǺ(DNA)֮ǰ׫до򡷵ġڵ۹⣬
Ȼ׺ĸԭԣǣҲĸˡͨ
ƶݻʼѭҮʽԭġɸƵ
ݵķԷչġ򡹡̶ĿİĿ
ϵ޶ĵʡڸΪӵЩε໥ã
γ˸ųġ໥õ١һеĳЩ
ҲȻ򡹺ͷݻ֮仮һߣЩݻ
Է춣ںδһߣ
ؼϺҮ뿪˴ĵ֤ۡ˵Էγͨ
ȺѡǾɸͻ䣬ĻĻŴġ
Խ͵ͬʱҲδһֱڵĶݻ۵Ҫѣ
Ϊ۾ͬﷴص㣺Ψһ취ǳɹӦɹӦ
Ȼ档ǣϸã֪沢ûṩκγɹӦİ취û
ĳɹһڴ˵أѾȥʵĻ
ȥʴˡ
ȻҮ˵۽ʾԼ淨򣬶ȻЩһµ
Ⱥγɡһ۷ȥȷ֤Էʱ(ȷȻҲ
Ƴ)ʱЩѾͻˡ
ںҮĹУʹ淨ȥΪ´ͳ绤Ҫɫ
ΪһЩȺǿһЩȺʱ֤ǰߵĵ´ͳߵĵ´
ͳԽһǣ˼·йĻνܿܡ
Ĺ壻ңֵּ͹뺣Үı߳ġ
˵ҸĹļֵƺҲڻˡȻҮ
ڸߵĸԶĲϿݻĳɰܵġȷǰἰģںҮ
˹УֵʵԵġʲôƣʲôǶʲôʲ
ôǳ󣬲ȡڸ˵ǻۣȡһεʵС
ֵۡȺ˥ܣ̭ˡһʵԴ˲˾
ĹãκһУĳЩȺ˻˥Ǹ׷Ŀ꼰
ѭΪ׼ǷЧ档ɹȺĿ׼򣬽ᣬ
ΪձĿ׼򡣵Ĳθߣɰǳɰܡ뿵
ϵġЭġ˹ڻӦͨū۵ĵ·ʱ
Ҳָ˺Ү֤ΣաΪʵĵ±绤뾭úε
ԽܵġκΪű绤ĳԣѭԵ
֤ܿܡı绤ʽµǰΥġ
ǺҮµһ⡣
ȻЧʷǨġҪжֵּľ
֯ھȻʵϣ֯ҲǾķʽ֮һ
Ƿֻ֯Ƿųһеġ¢ϺȨ֯
ǿʹ˷Լʵ⣬γ֯Ըġ
Ү˵һţ鲻˽Լı绤ʱ
ԡԸеǿķѾע⵽㡣
ڣʹкܶ໰˵һ۱磬
ҷˡΪ۱֮򣬾ԣѭ˹棬ǷԼ
忴ֻгĬһ;ںҮڶԵϣӹġȻ
޿Ե()ʽΨߣȻ֪´ͳȾΪݻ
ɵĹܣ޷ָ¡ںҮģڶԵϣ
»ϱЩΨߵԸȫ
ˣǻص裬淨ݻϣ˸ϵͳ
۵ѵǻ֣ᷢҮָԷȷ޴ڵġ
̶ͨ߳Ĵš


ġս

Իս

սķ֮һڲԭ
˻ͷرǰĺĸȨǰ½
ע⵽Ү˶ڷȨһΣյ֪һЩһķչ
֤ʵȼַ֮άչġ

ǣȨݣѹŵѧΪȨĶ
ɡƲ˽ȣչǣɫɫġȨ硸ݡ
һسˣܽȨȨӶȨȨϢȨ̥Ȩ
ƫȨͯȨ......ȵȣһ㡣ЩȨѷ֣Щ
Ƕ岻ģеìܣĳָ߼Ҫ
ĳֶΪҪġƩ磬ȨǱ˽ҵϰ
ṩʵ֡Ȩɾַ(ϰ)
ɡʲôһҪȥ칫˾رǣʲôһҪ㣿ʵ
ϣЩ¡Ȩ޷ģݵţпԡ
ԼҮ˵˼ҷŵЩɣʹȨһն
ĴΪαȨ

Σһ棬һֵ͵ǣչȨ÷ΧȨ
չһжһչһϡⷽ棬˵
ߵĹ۵൱дԵġ
һķչҪԴ
һִȻѧѧķչʹùȥС֮项λ
𸩾ͣΪԳġиߵͳ̶Ȳġ߼
Ҳ붯һȻ֧ᷨ䣬ǻĲ
ݻĿѧ۵ĳ׵߼ڤ粻ʯͷ֮֮
䲢ûиĲ𣬶֮䲻ֻǴһϵݻϵжѡ
ڶǽǿƽ˼һ
ȼ䣬֮ڸ׼䣬ڸ䣬֮䣬չ
ȶ֮䡣ﱣӡ󡢺......Ȼ
һܸоʹ࣬Ҳ൱ߵΪʲôӦԼȨɱ
ɱѵһȨ÷ΧԼǰչԭϲûһ
Ϊֹձ߽硣ȻϣԾûϣ
ûϣ˱Ϊߵġۡȷģƽ巢չ
һֵּۡʵκμֵ±ȽϵĿܡ
˾ǣ֡ƽȡع㷺ʩͬͲ۾Ȼᵼһ
ľۣΪȻһͬȵֵôй
ĴԾġǧ뼸ǧ򲡶ɱͬȵ¼ˣ
ⲻܲǺŵĮпᣡȻֳ׵ƽߵ߼
С
ǻע⵽̬Ȩ޷ԭΪ˽вƲȨ̺
ȺΪĵλͬʱҲ̺̬ҵ˼ԡ

Ȼ۶ѧΣйءǣ˼ڤ
ν˵ıʡǺ޽ѧ̽ʲô𰸷׳ʣ
ͷףȻûձһµĹʶʵʵûд𰸡ʹ״
ȥʹԶûнۣҲȻζ޷Ϊ˵
绤ȻζſµġĿġѾʱȻζŸ
ġ˵Ѿ٣ҲȻζҲеԾ
ϵƽ㡣
ֻζţ̽״̬ĸʱǰհҲ
عˣʷʾǵԵĵ·ǡֻζţ˱ŷ룬
ҲسʶֻʺϾʵիУ϶ϲ˺ʵƷ
μܳΪãϵθĽ;ʶ
ǿɿ򵼡
ֻζţڴͳ״ȨУʷٵԭ
ƶȷ֤ݣڼȴĸ淽ʽıȽУ
ȷӵݣڹУڱҪԵϣʤ
ߡ򣬻ǰԼڴеλΪˡ
¯֪ʶµĳ嶯Ʋ׷ᣬǶʮشѵԨ޴
ƽĿѧϻʵϣѿ
뻷ǲҵĿռġ

Ⱥ塢ĻԪͺִս

ǰѾ̸ҮǼֵԪ۵֧ߡǣⲢζ
Ĵĳֹͬġֵ׼(standard of values)Ǵ˱׼
ϿȻɣĶԪȻûκιͬ׼
޷ƽ档ҪǣںҮ˿ֱ׼ʷȻγɵġ
Ĺֵͬ׼⣬ǵΪҵ֮һ
һңڵѸٳɳ£νĹͬ
ֵ׼⣬»һЩµصսУһҪ
Ⱥ(communitarianism)Ĺϵ⣬߸˵Ŀǰ
ĽĻԪ(cultural pluralism)Ĺϵϡ
ȺսĻǣƸϲơĸ
ԴġȨϲáСġ桹
ϲáĿ꡹ġ򡹡
ǣϸáȺ򡸹ͬ塹ΪȨĵԪ֤
ѷǲδʷرǶڡͬ塹͡ϡȸ
ӪЩӪȻǸӡ͸ԵģǲɷϵǣǱ
ԸΪĵ峬ԽˡңǵǣЩ
͵Ľ̻ڴܹΪáͬ塹ͬ()
ߵͬؼ£̸ϡͬ塹
Ϊһ塹Ԫ̸ϡͬ塹־Ϊִᣬǡǡȱ
һͬĻأЩ֤ȫ˿ա棬ǵ֤
Ҳûг¬ġ⡹(general will)Լ˼Ľ׼־׼
巽ʽ֤ȣʵ޷ṩһԡȺ򡸹ͬ塹
ΪɵԪʵƶȿܣԴ浱µԸΪԪΣ
ҲҲûոµķ֤Էõ´棬Ŀ
ļ
ȻȺзḻԵ˼ԴȺҲĳЩ
ݻԼĶֵ϶ȺĳЩȨȿΪȨͼֵṩ
ܷḻȨݣͬʱΪƹͳȨṩԮֻ֡
ָЭƵ̬£ſܷ湦ܣ
ΪƵȫƷǽʮΣգ
ʧܵĸޡ

ע⵽ʵϣȺ˼ľ塸ȺλҪָ
Ļͬ壬ǲһĻԪ⡣
ĻԪ壬ҪǰѳؼֵĻȨԪΪĻĲ
ԭ߼ǣеĻƽȵļֵǷԸ
ġǰԳӵձƷľΪĻԵִۡ
ʹСָ۵ĻȨ壬һðձ
塣ĻԪձӲ죬Ӷ
һٵͬģʽСôѧ̩(Charles Taylor)һ
ʮּ񣺡޿ʵǣΪһĻ
ͬĶԪĻᣬЩͬ嶼Ҫ󱣴ص㡣ĳ
ڽϿܺܿвͨˡ
Ҫָص۾ǣԲĮԴֵ
ļ裬ѸüΪͬĻƽȽıϡǿ
˽̷ֺ룬ĿǰѲ찲ڷ򡣵ǣ˹
̷룬йĻУ˽֡ˣ
ѧ̫(Alasdair Maclntyre)Ǽôѧ̩գƪԺܴ
֤塹ǡǡԴĻͳڵģ
ļֵļ裬ʵ̺Ļֵģġ
ǣָǲҪġû˷ϳԴ
Ļͳǣڸִͳ˿ռӴͽʵǴ໥
ͬʷСȻйıġ벻׼ԭĻ֮
ν޹ԡʱۣȻĻĽʶǣ
Ļ֮໥ⲻǿܵģѾʵȻԶо׼ȷ
⣬һʷ̡ĳձԣ
ȻѧĳɾΪͣȻҲǾһĻеˣĳ˼
봫ͳġءǸҪ֮㣬žܸ˼봫ͳɡ
룬ǷֽӡˢԴй;ܾʹò鼮أ
żȻ¼ʷĳ˼봫ͳ൱żȻԡ
ڹŴУ˳
̬вδԷ̬ͱǸ
й˷Ĺƶȣ˹̹һĳżȻԡ˼ʽ
ġʷȻԡ޻ġȻһ˿ռϵĽͽӴ
ṩ˸еԱȽϡѡͼĿԣ˼봫ͳ̬
ǵԸľͱֳ˲죬
ʤ߾ͿܻøĻӶȡձԡ
ĳ̬ĲżȻ͸ģԻ顢ۺѡ
ǹģձ黯ġʵϣѧѭһչġձԺ
Դڴ(˳˵һ䣬ִ߳Ŀѧѧѧ
ԣȻġ
һָν塸ֵαԡ⡣ʵϣ
֪νġֵָȨܰĳһʵԵļ
ֵǿڸˡⷽĲԤ̬ȡǣͬʱţ
ÿ˶ԼƫõļֵۣҲ䲻ɰȨΪ˹ֺй
Ƿ̷͹˽ּЩϴгصԭȫȨ
ԼжϺߺֻҪǿа֪ȨȨѡȨ
СʵϿЩˡ
̩˵ЩĻͬ嶼ͬҪ󱣴ص㡣ǣ˭Щ
ĻͬгԱԣЩԱԼĴͳص㣬
ĻĻǷҪǿѹƣһڶԱġ
ͬ塹Ϊ־ȨĵԪڳͻԸΪ־
ȨĵԪڳͻ룬ġ
򵥵˵߼ϺʵϣԸΪȨλܹĳһͬ
ΪȨλĽĳһͬΪȨλȴܹԸΪȨ
λĽߵĵλǶԳƵġȻ˵λΪ壬
Ƿǳ򵥵
̩ԡϵΡʾԼվڱĻԪġͬΡ
ΪձͳԽνϵΡָǵͬ
ĳϹɵģò˵ĳϣֻõŤĳϣӰ
ǵͬһص˺ϣ᡹һֶԻ
ϵϣһ᲻ܹṩԲͬȺ͸ġϡ͹
һѹʽ
Ļްĵطǣʵǰĳǿӵ˵ϣһ
ǿԵǣҡԼǡ
˺Һǡ̩Ƿ뵽ǿ˵Ѿ˺˵
ͬأļֵϵڽȫͬ෴Ρ
ϡأȻǿ˵()ܷ˸Եɣ
ûȨԤ˵ϣ˵ķϵǡ
ϡԵļֵͬġֻϣڱĲ
ʹõġҲ˵ɡϡֻȨ(ע⣬
Ȩ)ʵݡ̩˵Ȼ˼
еǡϵΡˣ̩վһˡ
Ȼеģָûṩϵ
Ρ̩Ҫ᡹ṩ֡ϡȻġǿм
ˡ᡹һֱеǿм˱Լͬ
룬һȥϡ·˹ߵ˼봫ͳȻǷ
Ҫǿˡ룬޶ȣǲԤͬ·˹
ѣҪ㣬ûȨңʹĳǿ
ķҪ˳ϣôʵϣѾ浽ҵ˼ʹͳͬˡ
ңһ˵ò˵ĳϡͬһܵӰ
˺𣿾˶ѹȣͬ˴ͬǷ
ĸֵûʺˡδõ˳ϡһźſһ־Ѷ
þԼͬƽȵضԻˣߣ
˼ԼͬʱˡɳĻ崫ͳͬжôش
̵Ӱ죬ȻҵͬԼѡĽһϣ
ͺͻӭڳַ˸ѧɹĹ˹Լ˼
һѧϵ̬ȡ˹̩ûԸ
ָ̩ȨԼĿʱûгע⵽˽빫
֮ڵġǱҪϵ˹۵һֵõȷ
ĵȨҪġϵΡӦάڽͬﾳ
ԡκζģʽһֹ淶ǶȶԸ͵ķϵ
ֻҪᶨƵذѷϵʵ֡һλѧҾ
ʷ±󣬾ʹĹ۲˼巨ε³ŵ

ĻԪǿΡǣĻΪȨ
ĵλĻļȨѹݸȨôǡǡĨɱͬ
һĻڲ֮Ĳ졣Ҫ֪κĻڲȻɸԸĸ
ɵġңԱضԡȨҪ󡹵壬Įѹ
ơȨҪ󡹵İһ۵㣬Ȼϵʣǣ
춼ǰִҺͷҵ顣ۻ֮κǰġ
ѧĹ۲ͽͽǶȣԷһʵ
ЩȨӢĻԪܾ
ƣָءʽһԪȥԭʶ˶Ԫ
̬Ȼ֪ƵĻ֮һǱϹ徫ʵ
Ԫɡһ񡸶Ԫ
ζȡԪȡ޹ɡˣִ嶼б
ɶԪձԵƣǸơԪеƱ
ϸĶԪеǿƸ뻮һһ---ʵһԪơҪ
֮ǸԪƶԪֻһǲòѡ
ĻԪĻΪȨλһǣʵϣһ
µȨΪӵСνġĻȨȨֻб
ĺ壬оʵڵݺ塣ض˭ʸĳĻ
⡣Ļ֮ڵĸȨܺͣһͳһȨʵ塣
νиȨ֮͡Ȼڣȴɢֲģʱ
ìܳͻġκ˶ӵдϵͳȨ˵ʸ񡣴˼
Ү˳ڼصġۺʶϵĸ塹
ĻԪνͬģʽУںҮ͵
ԣȫЧġΪҮǿĲ졢ǿ
Ƶġǣֲȷɵձǲìܵġ˵
ڸĴڣɵձԲǱҪġ
йͷеϣҮ̹ʵָ۴Ӻָ
Ĺ۵ǷΪ㣬ʳɾͣѾΪӴ
ǵ׷ĿꡣĻǻԸȫԸȡ
Ĳ֡ҮΪͬĻȻأ֧Ŷ˵
Ļ֪ʶߣѾ˸ͬĻ쵼
λǲʵ
ѡĻΪԼ۲ļֵ㣬Ȿ޿ɺǣǣ
ΪԼļֵȡĨɷһЩʵΥĵ˳ĳЩȡ
ʱֳԼ򵥵ʵӶΥ֪ʶʵջ
Ҫʷ̭ġ

Ŀǰʱеνִ塹ٲȻԵʱĴ˺֪ʶ
˼Ծӡϸ̽ʵϣѷ֣Ĵ
棬ûṩκµķǷľռ䡣ųս˼
Լǰѷ˶صķƵǿ
ѣִ塹߰ѡȨΪ֧ġȨ
һ򵥵ʵȴ󣬼ǵġִȴ
ֻڡȨ֡ȨУ
ԼҲûҪȥЩȱȨġ˵
ִ塹ҲĲ֮һȽһںų˼
ңľһԪ¢˼ȫߣͲ֪ʵ
ϣûܣûгãЩνִ塹
Ͳ۳Ϊѧˡˣʵ濴սʵ
ԼĸԼԴڵ
ɫɫġִ塹ۻ֮һνۡա
ۡĻ裺ʵϸν͹ձԡνձֵ
ʵ϶ĳ֡µĲ
ȻˣǵȻ׷ʣ֡ۡûձأ
ձԣǾ˵Щֵĳ֡
µĲձԣƲձԣ˵
ȷձԴڣҲƲԣǡǣǡʱֵĻ
߼ϵ
Ȼ׷һ¸áۡǷĳ֡Ʋ֮ʱ
ҲͬΡ

ִִʱȻϬȻָܶһ֮ǣ
˷ԵУԼûκźĿꡣǳ˰
Ҫִ⣬ǲ֪ǾҪʲôﵱȻһ
ĹǣǾǣ׵ġ֪ԼֻҪ
κһţԸŵķҲͬӿ˷Ϯա
ܺĿǰȡķԵ̬ұŶӰĿ
ԣž񣬴Ч˵ʷռжλú
ж೤¾ֹˡ
ʵߵ൱ִּ߱ĿǰַԵзâ͵
ߵλΨΪϵԺȫԣ˼һȥһ
ļֵϵᡣ־£㹻ȥ˵
У㹻ĸɿȥʵʩᶯԱ׷˼áʱ
ɵѺͱǲġȻʷδսᣬȷ
΢΢ġ㣬ʵִ߱Ҳ֪֮
ϰԼλѧȦڲͬΪķߡ
̬£ǵĴһֽƽڷֹĽ
άĳڵӶƶ䲻ϸ£ڷȺ壬
ƽĿǰڻڲھ޴Ĳ࣬
ȻġǵĴڣƵӦ֮塣
룬ִû˺ִ塢ֳ塢Ůڽ̽
ɶԵƵĶȱ˼ɫķ˹(Noam 
Chomsky)ơϣ̫¡̩......༤˼ҷ
߿ὫǺεȷζƣֻһּ
ˡϣ˵Իս˼֮ڣΪ
ϵṩ˸ΪʵĺϷԺͺԻأΪе
˸ΪѤĶԪɫʡǵĴڱʵǶ
Ϊĵ֧֡ƶȵĵһ˼ƣһΪͻ
˼ǵĴʵϹɶԼƵֵ֧֣Ȼ
ԸģͬʱҲʼϲ޿κεġһۣ
ĸ߶ȰԡݶȺܽԡκβġˡԭֻ
ڲܺϷĹнܽˣʹ֮Ϊ
ĶԪɷ֮һΪԻءҲ
ö˥ش֮һ

Զѧ

ԡԸٵܽԼһĻ˼֮Ŀǧ
ѷʷԾޱ֮󣬺Ү1992323ڵ¹ƽغ
˫ۣ93ꡣ
عһǿܻע⵽1974꺣Ү(ϵ¶һ)ٻŵ
ѧʱڶԴ˵ĵһӦǳԾںҮ˾Ȼţᣬһ
뿭˹ǳۿʼ춺Ү˻˵Щʲôе
ȤҮڰ佱˵ʹ񽱵ĴԹԭ֮һ
ǿѧʱذڶЧҡѾ
ڰ佱ʱе˶ˡȻһȴ˺
飬˵ھѧУŵȨκҲӦеġ
ʵϣϤҮһԷˣԴǲ죬Ҳ
ġԹڣҮгıرصȷΪг
ǿı绤֤˻ҵ޹ĹʻԸָг
춱ֻҵļֵӦǾЧġ֤Լṩᣬ
Ү˵ĽҲͱ֤޷ӵġмǳ
µĲѾгʲôˡ
гսʤһСڰ֧ˡҮйгƶ
Էһ۵㣬Ѿ绤ˣѾΪʽ
Ҫֻǵȴʷʱһеġǽͱͳͳһǣ
ҷ

ѧ˿ע⵽Ү˺ٻ򼸺νִԡ⡣
ѧԵִ֡ۡҲδȤʵ漰
Үһ뷨ռλ淽ʽʵǴ
൱ԶݻչġȻݻٶȿ𣬵ǣ
ִ̲ۼһȻֺڰ׷ʷͼ
ڸͼУǰִһƬڰִǹ٣һĶѡȻ
ںҮʷвֶϲ㡣ݻһḶ́ȷǽȻ
֣ҲһֱһԵ򲻶ϵʱռ
չԼĹ̡
˰ΪѾչ˵
һһγɺƵľþ̽Զ֣
ʻµʱաˮʱᷢһЩµ⣬һЩ©һ
Щսˣ͵Ӧ¾ĸַ֮ļۡȻ
࣬岻ɡ͡ߺɡ󷶳롣
ɡΪݵѧеԭѾʱѾǧٿף
޿ɾҩº͹ΰ۴õջʹȥݻٻ
֡Щµԭȥƺһ´Կ硣
ߺɡţôݵѧеԭ֮Чģȥ
ʷ֤ձӦԡٵ¾ҪںеĹ
ȥ޴ȥ㲿ȥ©ȥ̽µĺʱУߡ
ʮͣĳϣɼҷѷѽֻ͡ǵ
ĩ𰸲ռ
͵˵Ļͼǣȫϴҡ
˹š롸šѾǵġԭ
ʵǡαѧʵĿ飬޷ھ
ϵĲ͵һȫĻԺסЩ˽Ҵ
ˡʵ项ѳƷ
ҮˣⳡѡԤߡҪ֤庽
Գ֡ݻ׳ͷչĻԭںе޸ܺ
ԶԼٴ´Ժ
ȻһʱڣȴΪάıɣܵʷ䣬ͬ
⡣
ڣʮԽ1989--1991꣬ȫӪ
Ȼ󣬺Ү˵֪Ȼ£Ѳʤˡ

Ⲣζź·ߵյ㡪ʷѾս᡹ɵĺֹ
ġ
ǰ·ȷУˮ˸ϣŮ˿
ȷġ˰ԡ¥ռĿꡣȻҮԼʱ
ԶȻĿʱķĶԣԪԺ룬
Ĺ廯Ļġܿܡ˼룬......ʹԼ֪ʶ
СҲżеΣյؿЩȷĿ꡹ĽʯΪļС
ȻΪ캽Խڣ俪Եʹյ
Σյľ棬Ӷߣܿɽͽʯ
ӹɣˮ˸ҲȲԷڳʱƽ
ƽӹϢ֪֮ʶսµĳ嶯ضֻᲪӿ
ѧʵϣ֪ʶڰʮĩ֮꣬Ѳʼ
įСƼ֮ĩ֮ǱˡҮˣΪһ
뿪۹עλáԤʾĳźš
ǽġҲµĺΰֽ
Ǵӿǿ࣬У԰źʩ
ԱȻηΪεȹģһԶϡҲ
һǿģȲ󣬱ش֮ʣɣǲ»
ʮ͵ǸҮˣſλǵ֪ţվƶ˸
Ͱ빲Ǹϵܿܿ˼Ӳ
һˡ
ɵů£Ϸߵľ㣻Ү˵Ų
ԶڱɺܹƽٵĵȺԶĻ졣


ע
żF.A.Hayek, THE FATAL CONCEIT, P.53 
Karl Popper, AN INTELLECTUAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY: UNENDED QUEST, London, 
1976,p.125 (Ͱأ̽˼Դ) 
ǡ󺣹ȫᣬp.6ڳ磬̨1990
Ÿ.˹أոʱڵĻP.218 ӡݣ
1981White, MAN'S CONTROL OVER CIVILIZATION: AN ANTHROPOCENTRIC 
ILLUSION, Science Monthly LXVI(1948), p.238
F.A. Hayek, HAYEK ON HAYEK,  University of Chicago Press, 1994, p.
147 
James Bonar, PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY, 1893, p.85
̲μMichael J. Sandel, DEMOCRACY'S DISCONTENT, Harvard University 
Press,  Cambridge, USA, 1995
Charles Taylor,"The Politics of Recognition", in MULTICULTURALISM:
EXCHANGE THE POLITICS OF RECOGNIYION,Edited and introduced by Amy 
Gutmann, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1994
βμͣϵΡʮһ͡
19978ºţ
Jurgen Habermas, "Struggles For Recognition in the Democratic 
Constitutional State", in MULTICULTURALISM:EXCHANGE THE POLITICS OF 
RECOGNIYION,Edited and introduced by Amy Gutmann, Princeton University 
Press, Princeton, N.J., 1994 