
¸ǰ

һ

ɽѧ

ͨū۵ĵ·Ĺ㷺ӰҮڶᣬܵ桪
ѧŽ硪ʢԼݽȻ;УƣڱЩ
Ҳʹύڶ˼Ͷ־ͬϵѡ֮࣬ϡ
֣ŷ޴½ĺܶңȻǿҺΰ
ɴͳĸ˺С塣ǣҪȥʱͶ
׶ؾѧԺСȺһƵԮ
״ǿʹҮȥһ־ͬߵ֯. 
˹(Henry Simons)֥ͬӸС飬ķ.¬(Wilhelm Ropke)
ߵ֯Լɻ.ŷ(Walter Euken)쵼ĵ¹С顪һ
һطһָɴͳشĹ֯еֻ
ڹͬĻѧ۵ĳԱڲſ͸
гɹֻˣſ໥ѧϰʹÿ˴ӸԲͬķȥƽͷչ
ԵȻеĺܶЩͬϲɱػ
һЩԭǢĵʱֹⲢ£޹ش֣
ʹչҰǿ
ȻܺҮսһʼĴͬ֯⣬
ʿʱһλǳܸɵ֯ŵµĻļƻܻ
ͣ׶Ρ.ŵ²ʿ(Dr. Albert Hunold)Ϊ
ļһʽʹ¬ܹһɼȻǶ֮
һЩʹһƻʵСŵ²ʿǵõ˺¬
ͬ⣬ѾʿļĿҮ˼ƻٿһ飬Ү
ֻһλͨū۵ĵ·ߵһʾʱγﱸ
õĻ1947괺쿪ĻˡͻɺҮȷģ
֯ŵ²ʿٰġܹʮĻߺ
ϵɽ(Mont Pelerin)Сμ߹ʮλѧߺۼң
ӢԼһЩŷ޴½Ĺҡ
óɹһ־߾һԵѧᣬ
ɽѧ(Mont Pelerin Society)ʱ19474¡һԱ
ʮλѧҡѧҡ١ʷѧҡѧҡѧۼҼң
Ү׽᳤ܹڴʮ֮áڣԱɳѸ١
ѧԱУԭ¹¡˹ؾ(Frank H. Knight)Ͱ(K. 
Popper)˹㩸(G. Stigler)Լ׶.ȡǰѧһ
뺣Үѧ۵ǿɵѧߵļϣģĴӰ㷺
ŵ²ʿЭ£Ү˼ÿ궼ͬصٰᡣ
¹ڻвںҮ˳᳤λú󣬸ĻԱһЩ
¡ǾһֵĽ׶ΣѧָֻԭеĿ
˼ʮꡣͷչ壬ֿ˸༯˵в
춣ӭ˰ʮĩ;ʮĹӪ塣ѧһЩԱ
սŷ޸쵼λںҮ˵ѧռҪλ
ս˼൱Ӱ죬ҲսؽǱڵҪӰ졣
¿ԿȻͨū۵ĵ·ĳ浼ĳЩѧԼ
ѧߵļҮѧδ˶̫ܵĸ
Ӱ죬˵Ӫз˶¡ˡ

ܶĶԻ

ȷʵʱԣҮѧְҵǺ˵ģȻ
˽Уʱ֮û˾ˡٿ˵ʱҮ
һλȻڤ˼͵Ͼ
һŮԺҮ˵ͼĳᣬˡ¶
ĺҮ˴ܴ֮ᣬҮҲͲݲݽɼңƾӵӢ˺ӡ
ս֮ᣬҮǰµ̽սҶҴļ˺ѡ
ɣڻά˹̹ҲͬΪ̽׶Уһʹ
˴;į
˴ι磬ҪջǣҮ˵֪˱ʾԼָֻ
Լ޸ˡھѰ˼뿼Ǻ󣬲ɿܵĸջѹ
ĿҮ˾۴˾ٻԼԼļͥشʱʹ
ʹۣ֮⣬ʵڱѡ
ٻ´Ү˾޴ʹţر׶ڼֱ
ģֻ׽ֵܹʱ
Ϯʹĳֿξµ֮С˺ǣ
ȻһΪעȻȴδд´ͳһ棺
ĳ

ǺҮһѵӡͨū۵ĵ·ʹϾͬ
ʱרҵѧҵĽԣֽųӢ
ʽ罻Ȧ֮⡣
ǣҮЧ֮ǰȱҷ˵
ӢͽľƮ֮·׼´½ѡǨ

֥Ӹѧ˼ίԱ᡹ĴԼ.ڽ(Prof. John Nef)
ȥ׶Ƹ밬(T.S. Eliot)ͺҮ˵Σ
ӢóУҵ׶ذݷ˰غͺҮˣʹܹ
ǰ˼ίԱ᡻ҪƸԼҮ˽һְλ
ѵ׿Խڴλϳ˼ʮ֮áѧϵӭ롸˼ί
Ա᡹ϵȻϵľѧǰƸѧϵν̣ԭ
ں̶ܴΪͨū۵ĵ·ִڻֵ𾴵
ѧȥдȻֻҪԾѧ֣֥Ӹѧְöûϵ
ʵϣҪԭȴھѧ溣Үİµѧ
֥ӸѧɵĶѧɵŻ֥֮Ӹѧϵžܾ˺Ү˵
ϵν̵룻ʹҮȥܸУ˼ίԱ᡹ƸΣΪ
¿ѧڡнҲ֥Ӹѧ֧.˻
֧ġơ
Ƹ֮󣬺Ү195010¸֥Ӹѧ˼ίԱ᡹
Ľڡڴڼ䣬ÿ궬һš˼ʷγָ̺о
⣬ʱڽѧϵʽʼר׼д
¡

Ϊ¡׼ԵĹӢһʱ䣬Ү˶ܶ(
John Stuart Millȥ)оҲϵһ׮οΪܶ
Ҳһο̹ĵĸоҮ˶ܶȤһ˼ʷ
оУһоԱá˼ʷĿ˲֡оܶ
ʱ༭̩ܶŮʿ(Harriet Taylor)żҮ˷ֶ
˼ʷϵתۣЩļΪҪˣһջ
ɾһ̩ܶա(John Syuart Mill and Harriet Taylor)
ĸǣǵ꼰ĻЩֵдǼ䶯
˵ġһκҮ˶̩ܶյĸ龭ƽУƺҲ
ԼԼƳҮԼʱɧ꣺Լ(̩ܶ)һʼʶ
йǵѾзﲢ֪ɾѶ֮ʱϾʹ˳罻Ȧ
ӡ......˫ƼȻȻʹ븾Ůλڻеĵ
λйعҪ֮һϵ
һںҮ˵˼ʷоռйؼĵλʾȻܶ
Ȼ˼ӢķˣرǷѱ
Դ̩ܶ׼ȷ˵Դ˵ĹϵҮȷָʹӢ
֪ʶ˼ⷽ棬Լ.ܶؼ
ͰԼӰ֮¡......ܶ˼𺦣
ҲԭĴ󲿷ΪʱһλΪӵŮԡ
ΪŮʱ˵ɥʧһΰ须
˵ڹ棬ĸ߹ؽ......Ӳȫһ
Ŀ꣬һھ϶׹״̬
Ϊһջ񣬺Ү˶ܶһоʹ뵽ӢĻĺ
ģ¼˸Ļĸ˹ϵڶ磬Ҳַ
ʷġѧݵĲܡһо֮춣ΪҮھ
ϵļ˻̸ԴʾӢЩƶ˾úη
չۼֵںЩӵʵǲͨʵ֤ķԼ
ԭġ
˵ҮΪܶڶʮ͵ļ̳ߺսߵĻһ
ͼΪһ˿ˡ
1854궬1855괺ܶΪԭԽϣУ
ⳤＸµ;УдżĴ󲿷֡ʷƹͻȻʹҮ
һͷһ֮ᣬԼŵܶ㼣һΣ
ͨż̩ܶաע⣬Ǻε
ԸȻ1954꣬Ү˴ӹŸķһʹ
ܹӵ߸µʱ䣬ѭܶһ֮ǰ·߿
ȴϲԶȻỷƼֱ
Ƹŵ䣬ԴΪģȲ͵¶Լ󲿷ֲޱ뵺
Լȵܶ˻𳵿죬ǰʡʱȥ˰ֻ
һվܶóûеġҮ˷һݽε롣
ǣֱ1955＾Ү˲ŷ֥Ӹѧоν̡
ݽݣͬܶ˼룬һֱںҮ
֥Ӹѧʱ춡¡ƻͻȻ˺
Үͷˡ
ﻹһС£ܶԴ˵꣬Ĺ
()ĽʰʱͻȻӿڡۡв
¼Ү˲ĳصľڴźǣҮǡ
һ֮ͬһصʱȴûԤڵвΪɥ
ȻҮ˻ͷϸ̩ܶյͨʱŷԼܵڤڤ֮
֮ŪΪڴʱ䲢ȷһ֮ǰܶ
һССĻѡд̩յżʵϣԼЩڵִ
֮ǰˣͲʵĹõĽʱͻȻӿ
СʱʷдԴʱҲżŷḻ롸С
˵״̬ġ
֮ᣬҮ˵ִ漴ʽⲿ˼ʷƷ̩ܶա

ѧ̽գо

Ե

ͨū۵ĵ·ķ籩ƽϢ󣬺Үػ
ƽիġ̸ͨū۵ĵ·Ҹоרҵ
ɻҲзϣΪѧͬܡһЩ
ѧҵľѧ۵޹صоȶ֥ӸѧƸĻ֥
˼ίԱᣬøһʱ´⾭ѧоĻ
ˣ1950꺣Ү˸ոӢʱǿֶЯһ
Ϊʲôĳ塣ѡ˼ʷѶεһ֮һ
׼ȥӦʿ¡˺ӵ⼰𰸡˼·Ү
˷һոµ磬ž޴(ԼǷɼ
ȥ)ϰûʷʶһϵ
ѡ

Үʵǻص30ǰ״⣬Ķյ
оķʱġҮͨоԵ׷ٸо
ԺЩΪоĳַʽ롸ʵӦɡڵ嶯֮
ǰʲôΪо򡷡ڡоĸ
չ25֮µʷ²˼ӿġ
1952꣬ѧרо򡷷ˡ

ݻ۵ѧ

УҮɵĸνʼڸоϵĽܣЩӵ
ȶص㣬ǻ߷ӳܵһµʣߵ͵
Ҫص໥ϵЩʿ¶Ҫʶ
ʡļ֣һ·˵ľļˣ֮һУ
ǸоļԢֱάҲѧɵĹ۵㡣Үѡĵ·ƽڿ
µ·߷Ȼһһ֮ϡ֣ᷢ
ַƽڿ£Ȼղδ뿵ཻ
Ү˶Ȼܾνġӳġ͹۵ʡ
δܡȾľǲڵġΪķ̬ݶ
ΪϢϢءһ㣬뿵µ˼·ǲв㣵ġ
ǣҲҪϸ˼뿵µ΢
֮ǰ˾ͷ֣ںҮ˵Уλá纣
Ү˸ǵģ׷λֲѧҵĸ׵ȤҲʼҵֲ
ʼдרҰ.....ϵͳֲѧѣ
÷ĽġȻҵȤȴ𽥴ֲѧתƵ˹
ѧݻ......ҲоҵͶǷ
ġ
ȻҮ˵鲻Ƿ͵ģȻⲢʾӡࡹڸо
еҪáָν࣬ʶߵṹԾжĳһ
ĲͬЧض¼ͬһͬͬЧ¼
йࡣвͬ¼ۺʱͬЧӦΪͬࡣ
γǵ֪ʶлԵĹáǶķ࣬Ǹ
Ŀ͹ʣԴʶڲ۷١κοܵĸоʽ
Ϊġ
ںҮ˿õķǴԭȵľ޲ĸоϵ
Сÿһо⡻߶뱻Ϊһ
¶һ׮¼Ľָ֪͡һֽ(interpretation)
ԸоĶһֲֻ֮ͬСһȫµĴδ
ڵһνʱȫܱ֪
Ү˹ǵÿһоһΡ͡˼룬˵ǿʽģ
˵ʵ뵱ѧʱһʱġڹѧھϸΪӽԣںҮ
ִ⡢ԭĸоѾˡҵʾѧֱ
Ǻǿġ
ҪֵϸǣҮ˵ľ֪ġܡġǰķࡹ
÷бڿµ鷶ġҮ˵ķ֪ĹУ
Ԥȹ̶ĴڡǲڻԭңҮ˵ʻ
ԷķչĶͿµ΢ҪĲ
˵µ鷶Ǿֹġ̶ģҮ˵ġṹ
ķ١ݻġṹ򡸷١뱻
໥ɵģǶݻĲҮ˵ķǶ̬ģ
ʷ𲽻Ķͬʱܶġ纣Ү˵
еٷһͨѧϰԵĹ̡
һ̲ǸƴḶ́ѧȥȷĳЩͬ
ŵʱĲͬûע⵽ĳʱϳͬȺ
Ⱥĵȼۡ
Է֣Үһ뷨70֮ʿѧƤǽ(Piajet)
ķʶҲ൱һ֮Ӧ˵ҮⷽҲǾ൱
ġ

ϸãѷ֣о뺣Ү˵ľúۺľ
һϵһԵسУرǡ
ۡ͡ɡ֪Ϳԡչˡо򡷵ѧں
ضҪƻüƻɹʧܵĿ֤ܷȺ
ΪĽԤһʶ۵жϽءҮġ͵ĳ̶ȡ
ָڲܿƵľ£һԿȷԤԣ
ǶжĽԤǣǲܿƽһķչԤԵ
޶̺˿Ƶ޶ȣǷ
֤Ԥж޶֮ᣬҮ˷չ˸ۣ
Ԥģ͵Ŀԡ޵ԭõķΧѭ¼
ǲԤڸģеĸ¼ȻԤ޶ȣܹ
Ⱥõ֪ϰߵݻԤж֤֮֡һ
﷨׼ȥγɸֳӣκһ仰嶼Ȳ
Ԥ֪ġ
1960꣬ҮдŸͰ(K. Popper)̸ԼʼоȻҲ
㼯Ҫڷ۵оѧ۵òյ
ҿܳΪԴΪһݡɱҪҵĹ춾ѧ
۱ԵĹ۵㿪ʼγɵĽϸˮƽйĹ뻹ͷ
УƺɹԶ˾ѧ򡣡ʵϣ1952д
ŸͰ̸һ̽ĿˡͰضԡо򡷵Ҫڹ
ĳۣͰ˵ֹǲܵġҮ˵Ļشǣ
Ƿҳ֮ΪԭĽ͡ĶһԽˣ
ͼ֤ǾܽΪʱ̳ĸ
ľ....ȵȣȫͬ⡣һ棬ͼ
ܹմоصһ֯Ҫܴ
Ҳ˵ҡȻҶķӰ켫ΪԶѧ⡣
ĿǰҶƺϣҰΪ¶ߣ
νһϵ֮ڡԼνйһϵұ˵Ϊһ
Ҫ⡣ԴҰ֮ᣬвͬϵж
ȻˣȻֻ˼СĽչ漰Ѻ
׽֮һ
Ү涼ȷġνһϵ֮ڡͺνйһ
ϵȷʵҪġͬʱҲѺ޴׽ġһ
ĳȥ⣬һʼϵ֮ڵϵȻ
ûܸ˼·ʱ÷ˡУҮ˵ڶ
̽ת˷ɵо

߳רҵĺͬ

Ƿʧ֮Դӳƺʽδ㷺Ķ
ҮԼѧҲˣʶ˸ҪԲθ
һЩȻ͸УҲ
ָһʼٵľ֮ảҮԼ۲쵽һ
ѧԣȷʵʮ͵顣
ִרҵѾǿرĴѧˡڡ
кҮѧΪӰ֧λʱ
ҮѾʶѧݱ䳱ԣѧķݷ
һݱ֤ǲġڴѧУ԰֮⣬йؾĴڻ̽
һδ룬Үдˡоءдǰо
ĻܻܿαӻԾѧݽ
˵һλҮᾭרңȥ֪
ʱԽΪڶľȻۡ
ڡѧ¿Ϸ϶İ.(Edwin G.Boring)Ҳ˵
ʹǶԵ(Ӧ˵󲿷ʱ)Ҳϣ
ȥǰ˼йĹʶۼۣ
ȫµĶһܻӭ۳֣ӦҮ
ݣҲӦһĿѧ˼ʷеλá
˵һ䣬Ү˵Ĺ۵ԨԴģҸҿ϶ǣûר
õġ
ںҮԼһʵʵĿĶԣǶԵ˽⣬֮
ڡۡģȵ֮йءѧЩõִȻ
Ҫöࡣ
1956꣬ף֥Ӹѧѧо¥ʮĻϣҮ
˷Ϊ<רҵ>ݽ̲ס٩Լ˵ȷʵΪ˸
ȥеһ˸ܹȫʤεһѧ߾Ȼðרҵ
޵ΣգǶԴӦ޶ԶӦó
УԳҲ档
ҪľҲϸ;׽˵һԣ
һľѧҾܳΪΰľѧҡ

Կѧ

ڡоУҮȻѧѧĹϵ⡣ʵϣ
ڶߵĹϵڿѧִӰ⣬һֱǺҮ˹עĽ
֮һյãͷĿѧ塢ʵ֤Ե
ѧķԵáġ뾭Ҳ൱ƪ
漰⡣

ǣҮڡожѧȻѧĻ֣ƺ
֮ΪȻѧо¼֮˴໥ӰĹϵ
ʵ(reality)ѧָͨƵѧѧƵķ
Χо¼֮ĹϵǱ(appearance)ǰо
£оˡǱġһȻѧо
ʵڡ𣿵ڶо֮ϵ𣿵û˾޹
Ȼѧѧʾġȷԭʵ߹۲ķʽ
˹۲ĽͬȻУ˼ǹڣԱˣ
ȻѧУ۲ߡˡ춹۲ӰѾ֪ɺԵˡʵ
ϣҲΪǿоʵڡȻѧоģȻ֮
Ĺϵˣ֮֮ͬȻѧѧ
ƺ̫˼һЩ۲ǶȺͷ෨ֵóһ㣬Ʃڿ
ѧѧԽеľһ
ʵϣҮڡ뾭жѧȻѧڶ
Ŀȡо򡷵Ŀáǰָѧ
Ķķ࣬ǹ۲߹Щ֪ʶǰΪ
۲߹Щ֪ʶЩ֪ʶȻѧжԶ
ġ͹ۡĳ󣬶ڡĿ۵ĸ(teleological 
concepts)ҪĿ֮Ĺϵ¶壺I.һĿ꣬II.
ĿĳˣIII.ΪǴɸĿʵֶεһˣȻ
һ󡹲Ǹġ͹ʵ¶ģǶ
¶ġһԱ֮ѧ˵Ϊôô
ҾǻңԾԣױƷǻױƷȻ磬Ǵȥ
磬ǴڲȻԣǵһЩǹʵģ
ұӦЩʵԣЩϤĸǹ
ԭϡЩͬĸṹʹǴҵԽͨԽһЩӵ
Ļνڲ롸ⲿȻд壬
ΪȻѧоʵڡѧо󡹵˵Ȼ
á

֪ʶĻ

Үǿָ֪ʶĻ֡ò(Michael Polanyi)о
Ե֪ʶΪȷġʶ֪ʶ(explicit concious knowledge)
Ϊֻռ֪ʶĺСһ֡ͬѧķ(F.P.Ramsey)Ƶ
ѧ֪֮ʶĹ۵ԵġȣԿѧõ֪ʶв
ȫݡȷġʶ֪ʶΣȷġʶ֪ʶǽռ
֪ʶĺСһ֪֡ܶʶδȷδʶģǲ
νġδԵ֪ʶ(tacic knowledge)ӡ
Ͽ֪֪ʶĻһ¡Ȼǰ֪ʶ
ΪڻӦʽԳ֪ʶĻһµġ
رעǣֹġ֪ʶȴǵ(intellect)ܻõģ
ڡʶ(wisdom)ǵϰߡܡ̬ȡľ
ĸʹߣԼ񹤾ߣ紫ͳƶȵȣЩഫշת
ڶǶڻӦʽĻЩֶʷ
̭Ӧ˼ΪʽŻۡġĳһ
ŵƳġ
жǽĻ֪ʶ򡸹ߡϵġ
дΪǵءʱʻɲֻЧѲˣΪ
ϰǣжʱԱֿǣΪȾ֮һ
ѧչ֪󡣶֪ʶֻӾ磬˶֪ʶ
󲿷ֱض֪
ˣȻĽǣǴԼĿ͸ںܶأ
ԼЩأǰ֤ض벻Ӷݵ֪ʹ˵ۣ
ҲǾԱҪģ۸ɱļֵˡ
Ϊɵıڣṩκ޷Ԥֵ֪ĳ
ֿԡ͸ÿһ˶ṩĴռ䣬ӶͨϺǰ
Ŀԡ

ж

صǣжܱ˴Эʹÿ˾Ȼ
áԼе(˵)֪ʶԼĿ꣬ˣӶ
ĵԸԱֻ׷Ŀ꣬Ƚ³ѷʽ
ữĹ¾սгЧܹӦڸر
пʹǴϵĻԻͷչ
һǺҮ˶Ҫ֮ԺҮ˶ԣɸһ
ͨж()ĳһǷʲôԼͺҪ
Ķ
ڡжɡҮΪƳܵɣжɡ
µɵˣһʱ͸ʵĲ֣
ͻ
ճ......ʳסУ̸ֹϷ֣չе
ߺþߣЩܵķͳṩǽһĻ
ṩЩжϰߺͱߣÿÿʱòĽ
ɴ˲¹˼롣Щ¹ֻڷչеս׶Σ
򣬲ܴ
ԶھľءеĹԶھܿ飬ʵԼ̭
ĹС¹ϢصжڡΪĥ
ܿġж򳣳Ϊܵķ߼֧䣬ֳʵ
Ӱ죬˽ܳ־á򣬶ж
֮ԴȪѸٿݽߡ
ν鷢չǵǵݻʵ
ϣͷͬʱݻġν项(mind)ǵ
ͷ(brain)ĳĶҲͷģ
Ŵ()ЭȡõĶдЭ
⣬ҪǣǳɳУӼͥͳĻͳ
ĲЩȻԵŴĳ
ǳжɳ֮ΪɡںҮ˿ɴС
ĺ壬ֵʵϣжԶȾɵķΧΪ㡣
ڣǷκɵľٴ룬ֻоõĺ壬ֻԶھ
Χ֮ڣ⣬ʵϣνõĿǡʵָÿֶܵΣ
ЭӦǸָĿꡣƱΪĿļزū⣬
ףǵĶСõʡǮΪֶΣ
ԼļֵĿѡЩĿ꣬Բͬ˶ԣɫɫ
ͬġ
ΨΪܹԤ֪Ľչǲ֪Ա
չʹɺжĲԤ֪(unpredictability)
ֻһ棺ڰ˼жüʱͬʱԡ
δһ棬Ϊʹչܣɣ
ԵĿƣر˻Ⱥ֮ƣпʹ
޴Ԥϵ֣Ӷʹδ˲Ԥ⾪Īص㡣
˵չ֪컨֮Ψһͨ·



ѧصģоɵ⡣ʵϣֱӹϵ
ε⣬ҮѭԼ۵磬Դ˳塣

1) Ϊһ֮档һʵʩѡɣѡͳ
˸ѡĺɹʧܣ裬㶼ýܵΪЩ
ѡĽЩΪµġ
εĹִ˥䣬һԴھ۵СþΪ
ܿƵĻĵλԼòȡжˣ˺
ɿԣȻ͹ۻȻҲͲԼΡ
ˣһʳձĵӡǺ¸𣬽ηɣ
ɡ

2) ۵У̶ܴȻѧĳɾͶġ
ȥӵɣһֱδȷġ־ɡ(freedom of will)
ءǣȻһȻȡǰʵ(antecedence)
ΪʶĹƣΪȻһֵҲ⡣ԣ˵ж
ҲȻڵʵڻǣǷܵ˸
ɡͳٿѧҺͿѧѲСɡ֮
ڡ
Ȼѧ磬۵˥ѧĳ֣ѧġȷ
ԭĽԼɴİ˹̹Ͳۣ֮ϵ۵
ӣǣռλĿѧϵӵġķ
ĳ֣ûжгˡ
ν־ɡ̶ۣܴǴ֮ʵԵ
塣ͨġ־ɡָԼ־ǰ˵־ж
߲ǰ˶壬ֻ˵˵жȻǰؼȻԭ
(natural causes)Щؿɾʵ֤ˣ־
Ѿ뿪ˡ־ɡıˡΨ־ߡ(ȥһЩ֡־
ɡ)˵һ(agent)Ȼϵ֮⣬
һӦ𣬶ΪͻĶ
ͽ۶Ψ־ߡΪȷΪǳСΡڡ
ߵĽ۾ǰִ߶ɵձڣԴ۶
жߵΡΪΪ˵Ʒеĳԭµģ
ж߲ӦøΪƶ֤ƷĺûΨ־߰
ζϵġߡ޷õ֤ġ

3) ԺҮ˶ԣȻ״̬ǲڵġɵĴڶ
ɲκ֮⡣һͬĴͳ
֮һһͳΪÿһɽΪÿһɶǶ(Ȼ״̬)
ַ֮ŷ½رǱߵ۵㡣һͳΪֻܴڷ
֮£ΪĴͳ֮ţΪҮͬںҮ˿ɳ
Ȼַܱɣ÷ɲǷ֮֮ˡӡ
ǵ˹ܡԼӢĻԸΪĴͳķɣǷ֮
֮ĲǴķɡ

4) ȫȨ塹ת͵ķʽ⡣Ժʷ֤˺Ү˵Ԥȫ
Ȩ塹Զ׼ġؼǷҪԼı
ȫȨһʮƶ̬˳Ȼʹ佥䣿


ġݻħ

ݻж֮֮

֥Ӹѧ;ѧԣҮ˵ĴڳΪһµѧ֥Ӹѧ
硢ԻԼ໥ȡԷ֥Ӹѧɵ˹(Henry Simons)
ܵҮ൱Ӱ죬ĹȥʹҮΪˡ׶.
뺣Ү˼϶һµļ⣬˻⡣
Ү˺õһҪѵǣ͡˶ԱԱѧڡ
ʵʱһСܳٶۡĺܶྭѧָ˰ʱ
̵ѡǣڴѧУϵʱ䡹
ĹؼԵλºʱԭ֮ж೤ʱ䡪Ŷ
ðռգ̨ϱĨɷˣߴ鱾м䱻
ĨɷˡսļƻǡԼ.˹. Ӷ˹(John 
Kenneth Galbraith).(Richard Nixon)ЩӦƷˡ
ջ򶳽ܼڵκζˣʱͲ׼ϣҲԲ׼
ϣû˾漰ʱط״Լڶսĵ¾δܼʱ
ëʯ͵ƷĻǵŬͽġƩ磬Ӷ
˹дĻǵġʱĽۣһмϬ
ܳɹزһϵĻôΪԼָг
øأ
⿴ȷֵûɵġ
Ӧйͬǵ໥ķʽзֵġҲ
֪ľ״ܻᱻ֤ΪҲмֵ鲼ȫж֮
ڵģǼ临ӵĻϵǲĳָơݺͿ
Ƶġ
֯ʽݻΪĽƵĽ
ǰµѧ۵Ľᾧ֮һһ㣬ЭǧɢĲߵ
ƻ֮ԣʵĴ𰸣۵Ĵ𰸡Үͨǵ.˹
ܣ.ӣǵ.ɭ(Adam Ferguson)ɵ.ϵά(Bernard 
Mandeville)ʷ׷ݣ̽ԨԴ֮͹֮ơ
ǼȻǼӶ˹Ҫѭļ򵥷ԼѰǵܻ
ôļ򵥷ʱʻһҪԷ򡢷ɡ׼¡
ҵʹáĽԼڿгķҲƺ򵥵طչ
һȺʳڵϵһȻȻʱơ
йཻЩЩƶȣϰˡȻЩ
õϰߣƩ磺˵ķʽķ˽Ʋ״ķΧ
ǷǳҪģʹһ빤ÿܡҮ˽һܺõʵ
˵ΪʲôӢоסڼҵĸоֹһ̸ķʽԣ
Ҫ˵ŶԲҺæֻ΢һĲɲԵ
ͣ˵κλˡϰߺǲɷֿġ̬
Щ΢Ķ֮УְѵмȻͼȶĲ
֮С
ԡɡ׼¡ҡгʷ
淽ʽԷݻġǲȻ׷Ȼɺͱ
ܶ˶ҲƷͽȣǵ
Щ˾ȵĸǽ֮䣬ʷУ
Դ̭ѡӦģѧϰʵٳ.......
ʷгֳݻɵġ


ʵ

¡19605к󲻾ãҮȴصĳһ
֮õɥشԼĽ뾫״Ҳ񻯡
־ɥڽµĽΪһ̶ָ֮֮
漣ˡΪԼܵͬɥĽ
Ϊ1972ܵϮֱ1974ŵѧ֮ǰ
ĳʱŽȻǾΪŵԵʡֵԼ
ֵܵ״֮ΪڲԴĳѪǹ͵Ӱ
졣ѪǹλıҽϵĽǣ
λѺҽ˵򲡣ǸƵƵҩҩ
ѪҺк͡ΪԼ״ҽ˵Ѫǹ͵֢״
ƣοҮֹͣøҩѪǹͣ򲡻ߵ
ȫͬˣףⳡ֮ʹشӰʮŹٵ
ʮ.µʽġ

֥Ӹ磬ȻҮ˺ʹѧṩ֪ʶǣĻϣ
ﲻӢҮδйסԼ԰ĸоȻ
е뿪ŷޣ´½סãеظܵ
ĻԨԴǿҵʶֻŷ޲Լľ硣һڰ
裬ֻҪпܣҪЯͬصȰİ˹ɽ
˥ʹֹ˵̸ǻ۵ֱӽȤһȥˣͬʱ
ҲȥԺάҲһĸˡǰʼ
1960һɥĲص˺Үˡ
ԼŬȥؽλάҲɵıΪĸ߼оģΪ
ֲ˻ĵȴսж˵ʶرڵ׶ؾѧ
Ժ߶ȽҮˡͰءѧĴ֮һѦ
(Schrodinger)Լ˹.άʿ(Sir Ernst Gonmbrich )һؽŬ
ĺȻάҲɴѧķ˿ܵߡرǸ
ػԸûһԼѧоġˣ
ҮǵάҲɼƻҲˡ

1961-1962궬Үյ˵¹ѧ(University of Freiburg)
ڵƸ飬һƸλṩϵ˵İšҮ
һƸΣ1962֥ӸѧĹǰ¹ν̣Ϊ
ѧڡӴʱ𣬳1969-1977ȥµȱ
һβĲ֮⣬Ү˵һֱڸȥ²ȶ
(Obergurgl)ɽȼ

1973꣬ڲɭ(Bretton Woods)Ĺʽڻˡ
ǿ˹ڲɭֻģΪǱһѺ
սĽҪһȷʵӢĲΣӢļֵ
ȴѾӢ۹˥ˣԪҲӹȥĽλż
ųӢͨʧҵͬʱ˹۵鵤
ҩԽԽΣ𽥵أȫѾûʲôгˡ
ڲ汩¶ͣ͡ѹȺĻߵĶ
ʮ糱߷֮ȻȻδ
ȫ˳ļرڴѧУ԰֮У൱гʹúҮ
ȻǿҵʶԼʹԶδڳŶ֮ƾֱ
һתʱˡ

1974꣬˵ߵλ˹¸ĦŵίԱ
Үϵ¶һٻȵŵѧȻ佱õľɾ
ǺҮڻۺѭ۵оɹһҪźţ
ҮľѧңѾ뵱ѧͬʱҲ
Ҳ罫ĸˡ
Ү˵ʱȻ٣ǱϾˡǳת


עͣ
John Nef, SEARCH FOR MEANING, P.37  
ƼH.H.Hoppe ΪLudwig von Mises A FREE AND PROSPEROUS 
COMMONWEALTH д
F.A. Hayek, THE FATAL CONCEIT, P.149, Rutledge,London,1988
F.A.Hayek, HAYEK ON HAYEK, p.152, University of Chicago Press, 
1994 
ͬϣp.152
ͬϣp.289 
F.A. Hayek, THE SENSORY ORDER, p.165
F.A.Hayek, HAYEK ON HAYEK, pp.43-44, University of Chicago Press, 
1994 
F.A. Hayek, THE SENSORY ORDER, p.142
ͬϣp.169
F.A.Hayek, INDIVIDUALISM AND ECONOMIC ORDER
F.A. Hayek, STUDIES IN PHILOSOPHY,POLITICS AND ECONOMICS, p.18
F.A.Hayek, HAYEK ON HAYEK, pp.28-29, University of Chicago Press, 
1994
F.A.Hayek, INDIVIDUALISM AND ECONOMIC ORDER
F.A. Hayek, STUDIES IN PHILOSOPHY,POLITICS AND ECONOMICS, p.127
ӲM.Polanyi, PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE: TOWARDS A POST-CRITICAL 
PHILOSOPHY, London and Chicago, 1958
