
һµԣʮ͵֪

һˣҮǶԵġ

Ԫ1989ꡪ1991꣬ȫŻ˰͵Ժɫ۹
Ȼǡʱ̣дʣУһֲʱƮƬɫ
֮ϡ
Ǹ־ǣϣ¹˹ء롤Ү(Friedrich August von 
Hayek)
һʷʱ̵Ҫ֪ʮҪ˼֮һ
Ү˵ڣĴĺ֮꣬ĿһҪϷ
ʵ֡ھʮʹļ尾֮ڶʮҪܵа񡪡
壬ܣͳεҪšǽת֮ҷ
ʷ֮Ȼ˾ˣκ˼Ҷԣǿġˣǿ
󣬾ѧȻϷ硣ǣ֮ȥ
ʱѾοĿˡ

1994꣬ΪҮ˵ľͨū۵ĵ·50֥꣬Ӹ
ѧٰ˸飬ϣȻӡţ
ǰҮ˷ͨū۵ĵ·֮ʱ֮
Աǡɶ¡(Ronald Bailey)ܽȻˣҮ
ǶԵġ
ѧҿζ(Janos Kornai)ڰʮĩҲдع˹
ȥʮ꣬Եó½ۣҮ(ͬƻ)۵ÿһ۵϶
ȷġ
ͳΡʲ躣Үѫʱǡʱΰ˼
֮һ̽ɵķΧԵظı֮ʶĺ
ε

ˣҮǶԵġһλжԿ񳱵˼һ
ʢνˡ

һƪĵʱںҮѧĵʮУ˼
ѧ漰ѧѧѧѧѧѧ֪ʶۺѧ
棬оԱسΪΪѧ(praxeology)ͳһ
ϵÿһǳֹϬ֣ϡ
һرھѧѧ棬׿Խڱ͵Ӱ
ԶһٻŵѧԳһѧ
ıʷ˶ʮྫɾͷᱮϡ

˼ԨԴ봫

ȻҮ˵ĳɾͲǺճǿ˼봫
ѧС
ʦά˹оѧͬʱ1921άҲɴѧѧ
ʿѧλ(JUD)1923ѧʿѧλ(Dr rer pol)1943꣬
Ү˻׶ξѧԺѧʿѧλ(Dr Sci)(ѧ)ͬ꣬ѡΪӢ
ѧԺԺʿ(Fellow of the British Academy)


ѧԨԴ

Үѧ˼ԨԴھѧ緽棬Ҫǰµѧɣɴ
(Carl Menger)Լά(Friedrich von Wiesee)Ӱ(Eugen von Bohm-
Bawerk)ܡ̲Ϊ˹(Ludwig von Mises)뺣Ү˱ˡ
ھѧϣҮͨά˹Ӱµѧɷϵĸ
֣оҵɴ˴һ㷺Ĺ۵̽г
ۼ裬ҲʵҪķǣԽ
ѧı߽磬֮ѧķչ;ϣѧѧ֮
ȻһЩԤѧݣоĵھ
ǾϷǳҪĸӶѧ򣬽˹
ͨԵĸӾĶʮϵ

˼ԨԴ

ѧ緽棬̶ܴ춺Ү˵Ӱ죬˼ʷϻֳ
ν崫ͳ(˶ͳ)ĶԱȣһ֣ڶʮ°Ҷ
ΪҪģʽ֮һִͳһӢͳ
(English Tradition)ֳո˶ͳһǷͳ(French 
Tradition)ֳƷ˶ͳںҮ˿ȻԵ
ȻͳĻ֣ҪݵĲǵ磬˼ں
硣
һֵҮո˶Ĵˡ̳ӢϻԸ
˵(Whiggism)ͳΪŵڶʮ͵Ҫˡͬ
ʱԶʮͳֵĶҪսͷ˹壬
˸ԭԵ̻Ӧ˵ػʷĻԻͶʱĻ졣

νӢͳ˼ϵҪǣ
Ӣ(John Locke)(David Hume)ǵ˹(Adam Smith)
ά(Bernard Mandeville)ɭ(Adam Ferguson)ſ˶(Josiah Tucker)
ؿ(Edmund Burke)(William Paley)˶(Lord Acton)Ͱ(Karl 
Popper)
ϵ˹(Baron de Montesquicu)˹̹(Banjamin Constant)
ά(Aleis de Tocqueville)Լͼ(Turgot)(EBDE,
Confillac)
¹˿(Immanuel Kant)鱣(Wilhelm von Humboldt)ϯ(
Friedrich Schller)¬ӿ(Wilhelm Ropke)ά(FCvon Savigny)
ά(GBVico)
ѷ(Madison)ȡ
һӢͳ׷ݵӢԸֱ(Cicero)͹ϣ
ŵˡ
νͳ˼ϵҪǣ
˵ѿ(ΨCartesian Rationalism)ٿȫ(
Encyclopedists)ũѧ(the Physiocrats)¬(Jean Jacques Rousseau)
׶(Marquis de Condocet)
Ӣ˻˹(Thomas Hobbes)ߵ(William Godwin)˹(Joseph 
Priestley)˶(Thomas Paine)
˽ܷѷ(Thomas Jefferson)[÷֮]
һͳ׷ݵ޲˹Ӷ(Roberspiere)ʥ˹(Saint Just)ֱ
ϣ³ǰ˹ʹ(Sparta)

Ӣͳ壬ǴӾеΨ壬
ۺݻۣǿһʷġȻġлġݻĺͽ
ظɣطΣ޵ؿԵãΪġȫ
ơ
һͳǴո˶ѧҷ˵(Ӣͳ֮ɴ˶)ʵ
ϣҲǴոѧҵ֪ݻĸģ
ݻۡ⣬ӢɹӢʷϷѧҺͷǣ
¿(Edward Coke)ϯƽⷨٻ(Chief Justice Hale)ľֱ
ǳڵľ۵Ĳ෢չǵĵ䷶֮һӢϰ߷
ʵǣڵľܹúܶഴɴµķϵĲþ
ǵ˵Բ֮̿ڵģӾԶЧԣȴǾ
סġ

ͳ壬ΪԾ޲һ
ۡǿԵһֳʷĶƵ֯Ϊ
ᣬ

ͳ󲿷ֱԴڽӢƶȵͼʿԣ
ҵڹڶࡣӢ쵼λɵˣ˼ܵ
ͳӰ졣˱ѧļ(Benthamite Philosophical 
Radical)սʤ˻Ը˺ڸִͳĲ

ȻӢͳĲԶ׼ģֶҲǼҪġ
ߣǲѷ֣
Ψ߼ٶ츳(natural goodness)±Լ
ܱʶӢݻΪͨԴĹ(trial 
and error)ۻɣаҪɷ֣һഫȷ֪ʶǸ
Ĳ֣ڻΪߺƶȵδȷ֪ʶչĻ
Ψ߼Ƴ硸츳Сȶȫԣ˵
мߵӢݻĹǳ΢ƶ
ԼԭʼܡƶȲƣҲǸܿơ
ƶӦЭϸͻֺͳɳġɺͲƲ
ģ츳ɣƶȡ
ܷͳӰı(Jeremy Bentham)˵κηɶкΪÿ
ɶַɡһ۵߼塣Ӣͳֻŷ
ſɣ޹ҡ
ԡӢͳȽϽӽ̵Ĺ۵㣬˱
Ķǡ(self love)жԡݡ˷ѵԣ
ֻڻƶȵȣȥѡȡᣬøַʽȥﵽĿꡣ
ΨԳֹ̬ȣ϶츳ܺһ
Եġˡ(Economic Man)
ڴͳһõƶȳھɵߣԼŷǳ
ʶƵһκĿߣض֮СΨ
ܸѷΪǰȱгԽǻۣǵΪǲ
ɾġͶžݻ֮·Ӣݻƶڶˡ
Դʷ飬ĳһġ
ϰߺ͵¹淶һĻҪءѹʷƾõ
ͳشϰףǳѹܶԼδʶ
ѾǴϰ׺͵µĽˡά֣ϰ
͵ܻձкܴĹϵԶʶϰסºʶ
طӷɣΪһĻ
ѹϰ׹淶أԤǨĿռ䡣˵
أȻǳ̬Ҳˣϰ׵ձأ
зµɡΪϰߺ͵¹淶䵯ԣ˽ݱԷ
пܡڴ˿ԵĴڣľſ仯Ľɣ
ھǿԣȶģձԺͳԵ䶯
߱Ժһԣһ䶯ͬʱЧ
Ļķչǽڱ֮ܺݻ̵Ľ˵ܱϰߺ
ͳùϣϰߺʹͳͱùϣ۾߼ʱȺ˳
Ĺ۵ϰߺʹͳǽڱ֮ܺġǵԴν
ʶ(the unconscious)Ҳֱ(intuition)Ե(rational 
understanding)Ļչγɵģʹԣྭ
ĻۡˣǲĢۡ
Ψߵ뷨ΪֱӣֻǼ򵥵ذϰ׵ȿ
ϰϣͼһٳɨ֮ǶԴš(superstition)Ŀϣ
ֵΪʮˡʮ͵ķ˶ߣҵѱ֤Ϊ
ĹȻʷšһڳδ֤Ϊ
ȱݣźࡣѱ֤ΪĹӦֻ
Ѿ֤ΪĹǰϣɾʱ
ĳЩͬǷϵЩڹȥ۵ľ
飬Щ鲢ĳ֤ݶȷϵġʵϣЩȥ
̭Ȼǲ֤ʵ֤һĿǰȱѧ֤ݵ
ǰһδÿѧ֤ݵľͳͳ֮߸Ȼǽ
϶жĿܺͳɹĿܡǲȡжȻѾ
еĵΪǰᡣ·ȻǲȡʵжһַʽΨһ;
ˮ㡹ǽϴڵһлδأһɲ
罫һĲë֮أֲ
ԵΪȻ֧ǵǲ֪Ǻ
ǴӺδʲôȷӰ졣
ΨΪԼѾϤԣԺ׷ʺԵĵ¡ǣ
νġԡԴǴӿͷ潻Լ˼ϰõ
¹Ϊ
κδͽĻһ֣ƾز
Լɳԣѭͬ淶⣬Ǳѡ񡣾ʹ
ԣɾйԣЭǻȡļֵǲؾÿһ
ȥ׷䱳Ĵ֮
Ȼκе¹ۣԶ档һ
ʢ׷ݵԱѭĵɱȫܣȡ쵼
λҲй¹۶˥ָ֤Ⱥļֵӣȫ
ʵӡ֤Խ֮ڣѡʽĳһֵ
۵ȫ˥ıĿԼСΪ˥ƽеõ
Ը˥ܵĲʵʵȺЩӦǣ
֮ѡɵᣬͬھʯ١
һǣͬĵɣǷӦǿڳֲͬ
޸һԭǰ˵ĸֵ֮ϣǣСǸɡ
ɡྭڡԴչһԭеҪ
ߡ֮Ϊжеߵԭһļֵ
ܣ׷ھʱǷĺÿһ£
Ƕҳ˵ɿԵһЩεʵݣԶδ
֪ĳԶĸ档
ֲȷԵ޶ȣΪҪѵǱ뱣Ƶġ
Ա޳ĪأԱԣֲԡ
Ψ壬ŷΨ(irrationalism)(mysticism)
ʵȻҪø߶ȵԣȥöܹʵӹõķΧ
ǵʹԡʵϣָͳĻƶȣ׵¼һй
Ĺߣǳǵľ顢ǻۺ۳ɳɣһ˵
޷ʹ֮ȫԭֵģ޷۳Ȼġһʶ
Ǹ߶Եķ
Ү˲ȥոµʵ飬νԵã͵ָ
ӵġ߶¢ϵġѹԵȨųһжȨ
һδϿɵʵ飬ԼгԽԵǻۣκ
ʽڣӶڸȡֽͨŷĿԡ

֮һɴԷѹȲѰɵıʣһ
ɱһԵļĿʵֺſʵ֣һлĽİ
ʶһŶʽĽһƼԴʽĳһ׷ǿ
Чͳģ͡
ֻǾԵʷ֣ݱֽȻͬƶ̬
ȻµģӢͳݱִƶȣͳδ
Ԥϵĸݱ䣬ٳȫȨƶȵĳ֡


ؽŵ

ѧɾ

Ү˵ѧ˰µ(άҲ)(ŦԼ)µ(άҲ)Ӣ
(׶ء)(֥Ӹ)¹())µ(ı)¹(
)һǨƹ̣ڰµӢסʱɳڰ
Ӣס˶ʮ꣬黯ΪӢˣĻ̬ǻ
ѧԨԴҪĹϵԶϸѰ˼ѧҲԿ
Ļĺۼ

Ү1924άҲɸŦԼоҵѭ󣬲üά
Ҳɣ1927ΰµҵѭооۼһ
ѧңγӰѧš󣬺Ү˼άҲɴѧѧ
ͳѧʦһרҵѭӴѧһ
ʰ׶ξѧԺĽݼ۸㷺עĿ
1931׶ξѧԺѧͳѧڣ1938黯Ӣ
˺ˡҵĹȶ(1937)ϢͶʡ(
1939)ʱۡ(1941)רһйʱҵ걸ۡ
Լǳ1937귢<ѧ֪ʶ>ΪԼھѧϵ
ԭԹס

ھѧϣҮʮͬ˹(Keynes)һıۡ
Ҫڣ˹ΪĸԤܹгаҪɫԼٲ
ȶԣ˷ΣԤڣҮȴΪԤӳԶؽ
÷չʹԽԽ
ӵʱⳡ۱Կ˹Ļʤ⵱Ȼڿ
˹֤Լ۵㣬ڵʱ羭õĴ˥ˡʱû˻ȥ
ϸ쵼ΣԭҲȤȥоǷڼʮ
ˡҶϣڹҴⲿĸԤ磺Ľڹƣó
ױģĹҸߵȣͼʹûȤ
Էĵڹܡ͡Է֮౻Ϊǳ¾ɵĸˡǣ
һʱڣ()ΪҪϣ빲һ
ΪҸԤͳƾõļɱĹңҲ
˹Ϊġġ˹
ƣֻǵ˱ʮĩڲųŤתǺ󻰣
ǽϸۼ
֮Ү뿭˹ķ磬Ҳ׷ݵ˫ʺ屳ϡ
˹һ߽ˣҮȤڷƼԤ
ⷢķƶȡҮһԱȿ˹Լ֪
ܶ飬ֻ֪һ¡ӹɣĳɹҪ
꡹ҲҪ⬡Үˣһֻ޴ġ⬡

ѧϵĹ

ںҮΪ˼ҵУǵӿȵ˼Ͷ
ĹעҪǣǴٳһȫԳ˥սĺ
18481948꣬һ˴󲿷֪ʶ
սڶ塣ʷѧһ򽫰һΪŷʱ
һʱڵ൱ȷں͸졣˶Ŀ꣬ʹ
ͽֶνҿƣʹһоûҵͳһƻ
ĳ롣߲Ŀģ;
Ȼиͬɱ֣ű˼ɺŽ
·ķѱ(Fabianism)ֻǷ·ػĲ𣬶ߵ
Ŀ꣬޲ͬ
ʱĻ˼Ӣ׶ִڼ䣬Үת˸Ϊ
򣬲ʼڼȵʷѫҵȫҵѹΪ
ĵļ˼͹塣ˡľüƻ
(1935)ˡ뾭ϵͳ(1939)ָɴ빲Ĺԣ
˼ƻöԸɵΣΪ׷Դر𷢱רѧ
ָʥźͿ׵´ʵ֤ʷǶ֪ʶӵӰ
˼ĳֺͷչʵ֤ҪڶȻѧ޴
͵⡣ǣ194219431944꺣ҮڡѧϷѧ
оӷ۵ĽǶȣȻѧѧĻ
˿ѧĻԭ

1944꣬Ү˷ʱͨū۵ĵ·һɣϵ
ͳľ䡣ھϵ˳ǰܿ񳱣棬
ָ嵼ū۵Ļ̵ĶѸ£Ӷ
ʷʮһ֣Ӣȫ磬
硣Ȼ󲨡ͬʱҲȫԵĶ͹ἰʶ
̬뿼˼Ϊ۵ȵ㡣
19474£ʿߺϵɽҮ˷֯ɽѧ(
Mont Pelerin Society)ʮλѧҡѧҡ١ʷѧҡ
ѧҡѧۼҼҳϯҮ׽᳤ѧԱУԭ
¡˹ؾ(Frank H Knight)Ͱ(K Popper)˹㩸
(G
Stigler)ȡѧһ뺣Үѧ۵ǿɵѧߵļϣ
ںҮ˵ѧռҪλ

1950꣬ҮӦ֥Ӹѧ˼ίԱ᡹¿
ѧڡڴڼ䣬ڽѧϵΪ׼ԵĹ1951
귢й˼ʷġ̩ܶա1952귢йѧġо򡷣
1955귢йطѧġε롷ڴ˻ϣ1960꣬Ү
Ļͻʹɵ¡ѧĻϵԺ
ʮдġɡɡ䲢ϵ
Ү˵ϵ¡Ϊܶ(SJMill);
ɡڶʮ͵ƪʹԼʱǿĺߣ
ҲԭԵɼֵػߡȻʮӿʮȫԵ
˶˳ӿʷչѾ䳹˥
ǰϦĭεĻعⷵնѡ
1962꣬Ү˽֥ӸѧĹӦƸǰ¹ѧΪ
ѧ(University of Freiburg)ڡ1967꣬Ӹѧݡ
1974ֽ꣬ȱѧڵλòǰѧ


ġĻԻ͸

ɿ

ӱʮʼ˼Ʒش仯
ʼʷԵΰˡȣĴĿĵʵǣеĹ
ͳεңһ⣬صľѣ
ЩڲʵʩпθѹΣ羭ó
֡͡뿭˹ȫìܵģʹŷҸԤĿ˹
ѣ⣬Щ(Ҫڱŷ)Ҳصľ
ͣ͡
ǣʷոµһҳʱԽȫ򣬴Ӷɵĸ
˷ϯ硣ǣԶйڷëġĸ
ͣϢ԰ʡһׯũðž޴Σգ飬
ӪʼԡĴɡһΪйɻ˳
ӿ󣬲ŽṤᡢݿ˵ġ¡ľøĸǰ
ĳֲͬ˶ԼǷġ˼άԡ͡ظȨ
ɱϺ̨ӡǵƣҵ
ң͵תľ(Ronald Reagan)Ӣж(
Thacherl)ĳ֣עĿĳɹʷơ±塹(ʵ
ŵ)Ҳ˥䡢˹˳ͺҮ˷
ȫʱ¡
ˣҮ˵۵ѻûԻʤȫ֪ʶɥʧ
ͬʱҲеҪʧԭ㣺
1) ķ֯ЧԶ˽ҵ
2) 岢ȹȥƶиߵ壬˶ϵġ޿
Ӷݵĵȼ
3) 岻δʵŵĸɣҲµļȨ壬
ƺѹĳ̶ȣԶԶʷϵı
֪ʶӵʧҪȫ˸ɡ
͹׼ʧҪձƶԼҽԶ
ȥʱҽΪҹĵλΨһġ¢ϵģ͹޴ѡ
ͬʱҲѳ˹ٷһӹˣ͹ξõλԶ
ǰ
ŵƽȺ;ðȫΪģǿȷһ
Ĵ档Ȼе˶ϣþϵİȫϡ׷
ߵǣδ಻ͬİȫһ޵Եİȫ
˶ܻõģṩ޶ȵӪϣ˲ڷȨ
һǾԵİȫ޷һṩġһ׼Ҫ
ȫˮ׼ͬ롣ҪɺߣǿԵضһЩ
ĺϷаᣬɷǰĲƽȡɾõ˥ˡձƶ
Լ߶ȵĹҿơ
ǺҮԤ˵ġʷĽչһ̯˾
֤ݡ

ٵĹ

ΪúҮھѧϵ׿ԽɾͼհԶ1974꣬Үϵ¶
һٻŵѧ
1978꣬Үѽʮ䣬˼һϣ
ܵ㡣ˣͼһģʽۣ۵һ
ۼңһгۼҡΪǷǴ󣿡
ĳЩɣƩӦѡ۴Խȵԭ
δʵⳡۡȻһȴʹҮдһ
ҪԸ(THE FATAL CONCEIT: The Errors 
of Socialism)ٶҪܽĻ˼룬Ҫķչʹ
ڡҮƷȫ֮ףٴȫĹ㷺ע⡣
ڡԸһУҮ˶һѧ˼ҪķչҪ
֮ϸܵط(The Extended Order)Ⱥ
漣ļӽṹ֮ܺ䣬ıͷչйؼ
ԵĵλһЩļֵƶȳɹ֧ŵġҪ
¹淶
ҮжΨ˿ǰľܾ˽ĸ
ѧΨ塢塢ʵ֤͹塣ȥ䣬
һֱǿѧʱĴʡҮⲿУ
֮˴ΪȡͬȥӢ崫ͳİ
Ͱصġ塹ͬ鶼γӡ̵Ķա뾭
ͬڲ֪۹ĳͬݻ˼̡ͬʱҮҲ
˼ӪＫʱеġ컯ۡĳУر
ϸط컯˵ηִ޷ִġ黹
Ү˵Уȥġ߷Ӱ
£ǵααӦӦԵǣ
˼塣
Ҫ֮ҮڱУΧơĸܽᲢչ
һĻ˼룬ȥһЩ۵㣬ر޳ԭ˼
еľɷ֣ӶĶϵǿָѸ
˥䣬һرѾʵʩĵֻЩطл
ȷȷʵʵظֲܵʵʵϣ𣬲ʹЩһʱӱ
۳ΪЦɨ֮
1984꣬Ӣж˵ƶ£Ү˳ΪӢԺʿ

ʷı

1989꿪ʼںҮ˵ġԸ1988һ֮ȫ
ξ̬ͻȻ˷츲صı仯ǰȫ帴Ѹڶ
㣬Ү˵ԤϷԵضˡ19891991塪

һǳо빲רѧߵԤ֮ġ
һֱһ޴ʺ󣺺ˣ
֪ʶ֮Ե۾ԭ볤ейأһ
ʷȣһʵĹ۲졣
һΪִ磬ھƵظϣʱĲޱ
սԼ۹˥ޡнϸĻٵ
䱻˹ʹսʤһҲ緱ݳĹ»Ķ
ֶһִٶݳ޵Ҳ߶֯
;»ĹӪܡ
ڶԣʵĹ۲õĽۣڹƹ
ҵ̶ʷʷǰģᣬκη
ڵĿԣڵΨһԾͱ֤ڵԡ˹
һͽת档ȥľ飬ƺҲʾһ㣺ڶ
ս󹲲ӪţϵйսȾɺɫսĽ֣
1956ʧܣ1968ݿˡ̹֮飬رԽս
ʧܣǿ񻰹ƻĵ
ǣŨصƣྫϿա

ȻҮȴһȻΪ˼ķĶ
磬ȻԽ꣬ԽԽ˽Ǻͱ֮ˡ
Ķָʵ鹲ҵڲž޴ıΪ
ʵ飬ʷΪѹԵаһȫвͨƶȡ
ǳʵʧѾԣ޿ڸˡ
ԣ1989꣬ʷΪһνħĳХɨ
ȫ֤ʵ˺ҮΪ͵֪Ķ֤ʵ۲֮Ϭ
Զ
199111£Ү˻ѫ¡ǶĹҵΰ
׺Ӱȷá
1992꣬Ŀʷǧս󣬺Үǿҵ
ϢϢصߣǿһֱⳡ֮սߣҲ֮
ȫĹעĻҵͬʱϽ׶Ծŵġ
Ȼѧ˵ӲۺȻʱֵġִ塹
ȻΪϹŶ֮мһˡǣѺͲɣԭ
ǧǧڣȴͶԼߵľ⣻ʷ޿ѣĿغȻվ
һߡҮѾԻ͵Ļرκϣƽ˫
ˡ
Ϊǿڡ֪ȷ˵Ƕʮ͵֪


עͣ
From Robert Skidelsky's "After Serfdom" in The TIMES LITERARY 
SUPPLEMENT Magazine, September 20, 1996
From FAHayek, HAYEK ON HAYEK (Reverse Cover), The University 
of Chicago Press, 1994
See Chapter 1, THE FATAL CONCEITThe Errors of Socialism, 
London, 1988 