

ܽ᣺Ը󡷢

һ

֥ӸҮȻȻḻ䣬
ãȻʧ޸Ƽûһ־סڼ԰ĹС⣬֥
Ӹѧ涨Ӧ65ݣһȡһݽֱϡͺ
Ү˶ԣ65Խ磬ݽ಻֪ΣıҲ
ʱǡ
1961-1962궬Үյ˵¹ѧ(University of Freiburg)
ڵƸ飬ͬʱһƸλṩϵ˵İš
ľҮ˽һƸΣ1962֥Ӹѧ
Ĺǰ¹ν̣ΪѧڡӴʱ𣬳1969-
1977ȥµȱѧοһβĲ֮⣬Ү
˵һֱڸȥ²ȶ(Obergurgl)ɽȼ
Ү1962ƾӵ¹˹ߵĸѧİģг
ǺġԾѧҵνˣһܼо
ھ⣬һϣекܶҪĻҪ˵Ҫǣ
ĲдƻֿԲܸŵؽˡԸǲ㡶
¡©ĲҪݣ׫дڵ漰
ɡɡ(F.A. Hayek, LAW, LEGISLATION AND LIBERTY, The 
University of Chigago Press,1973,1976,1979)
ͬʱҮ˼ڸһ˵ĹԢر
ΧɭֻƵĻΪһ˼одľ
벻ˡ˵ر塢ľ͹
ֱݡȻɿܵأʮᣬľʼԵ˥ˡ
ˣʱεƵʷˡǷձ
Ĵ֮࣬1965Ǵλ˳̨ӡą̇̄壬ͬйʱ
ѵ־ǿ󺣹Ľ̸һη
ݴѧɼУ(ʱµķʽѧ);Уǻ̫ƽ
һЩҡ

1973꣬ڲɭ(Bretton Woods)Ĺʽڻˡ
ǿ˹ڲɭֻģΪǱһѺ
սҪһȷʵӢĲΣӢļֵȴ
Ӣ۹˥ˣԪҲӹȥĽλżн
Ӣͨʧҵͬʱ˹
鵤ҩܿʧȥãδֳԵ˳
رڴѧУ԰֮У൱гʹúҮȻǿҵʶ
ʹԶδ

ǰѿڡɡɡһУҮ˽һչ˹
ɵĹϵۣڵķ˼˽һչͳ壬Щ
ڹ۵㡣ͬʱǿԼƵ˼룬һ
ʹܡԭƵƶȴʩӦ˵ˣѧ
Ѿ깤ˡ
,Ϊһλƺ֪ѧߣԼ˼꣬
ѰͻƣѰµͼʹһָ¡ʽ
ֳ˼ĽᾧԸ(THE 
FATAL CONCEITThe Errors of Socialism, Poutledge,1988,London)


һ

ԸԵ

һ߰꣬Үѽʮ䡣
˵ʱ磬ѿʼ˳¶ľһ겻
ͬľʧܣ͸޷ٵ֪ʶӵĽ¶
ΪȺ(Ӫ)صᣬū۵ıҵȻ£ڶ
йʱĸĺƽѹǵؿʼ˰Ѽƻõʷ
̣ŷңҲòͬķʽ߳塸á塣
عһѧѧרҵо⣬Ү˴󲿷ʱ䣬رǺ
ͬ˼ս鼰ÿ棬
гɹ壬ʮ͵Ҫ飬뺣Ү˵һ˲֮Ե
Ӧܽʱˡ
ڴʱҮ˲˸䣬Ĳ˼һ
սһۣڰУԤΪǷ
󣿡۱˫ֱۼҺгۼҵΡ
Ү˵Ҫ뷨Ҫһֹ㷺е⣬Ϊ
ֻ˫ֵȡĲͬȻǼֵƫãǾûʲô۵ġϣͨ
˵ʵϣڿѧϣ߼ϣ嶼ǳ׵Ĵһ
ǵ⣬ǼֵȤζϲƫ⡣
ⳡԤӦʮ־ʵĴۣȴһЩԵѣƩ磬˭
䵱巽Ĵƾ٣Ƿܾɳ
б۵Ľȵȡǣһڴ̼ԵĹֻ޼ˡ
ȻȴһʹҮ˰йصԼһҪ۵
رǣһŰ˰꣬Ȿ֮Ը---
󡷡

ʵǰѺҮĶ˼롪δģ
˿ѧƵķӺ֤Ұչ壬ȫµ
ǶһȺݻܡȫԴΪߣͺ
ݣ׼ȷԾúݻķΪγԱ
г֤Ϭ͸٣Ũǲ䣬Ͻȴ
ϸǷӶм֤ǺҮһԭ˼ۡ
һ棬֪ܵʶĹ㷺ӡ½༭ġҮƷȫ(
The Collected Works of F.A.Hayek)Уλںܶѧѧ
ϵҲΪض顣

رעǣԺҮԼԭĳЩ˼شķչ
ı䡣ǿԼԷֵķ򣬸ر
һЩ˼ҵĲ𣬰ȥеƵĳЩ³
֣Ӷ˼߸ԷĺҮ˼

۵

ԣԸĺ۵ǣ(The Extended 
Order)Ⱥ漣ļӽṹ֮ܺ䣬
ıͷչйؼԵĵλһЩļֵƶȳ
֧ŵġҪǵ¹淶
ͷԣԸִָӰ˶֮
һ壬ǵ;·ͨѾ
޴ѣвĻˡ

˼·

ĿʼҪݻۣͼشǵĵγ
ģǵľúԣγɵĹкκ壿
һݻ۵ĽǣǵļֵϵƶȣȻǰԭ
ĳֽṹȻԷеһ֡
ҮָŴ()Ļ()ĸֽɳ֮Ϊͳ
߳໥ͻѺ߳£Ҫָйظ(˽)Ʋš
Լóס󡢸˽ȷΪ淶ԴģΧ
ĴںչޱȵҪԡǺСΧȺĹ(м
Žụȱ)Ǻܲͬġˣϸ˵ڵȻ
˼䱾ܲʺĿǰ
һݻһ棬ڱܵݻ֮⣻һ棬Ҳ
ܴƵġڱ֮䡣ֵԸԵĲƲȨΪ
ġûвƲȨû塣
֮䡹⺣Ү˹ִ淶رǵ
¹淶Ĺؼһ뷨У֮䡹ӦһǱ
ܣԣ߱ؾһѧֱԶַʹǺ
֮һƬҪķԷǱܵĽ
һ⣬ǺҮ˵Ҫ֮һ
Ү˵ıܣΪӦೣǨƵСչġ
ʽ˼꣬Խʷöࡣ
ԽṹǶʱݻɵģɻ򴫳е
ԱܡЩܣʿ֮ǰȫ̶ˡСڵ
棬ǲõ߱˵ĻͨҲʶߡʸñ໥
ĺ֪ţ໥йͬĿꡣǵķΧխġˣ
жܿͻھ̭ԣñǾм
ġˣ˹(T. Hobbes)νԭʼʱġһ˷һ˵ս
鹹֡ԭʼ塹

Ѿ֪ڡɡɡһУҮгΪһ
(catallaxy)ȻһѧͿۣ
ҲѧھѧУָг򣻡һʱ
ȱʷУҸҪģƺҲƾ԰йΪ
Ըʷ߶ȹ۲ݻڴУҮʹ(The 
Extended Order)һԱԷֳܺʷݻУң
ķΧΪ㷺ѳ˴õķΧˡ
ʵϣ಻չĿǰĻ(
)˷Ƿ⣬ǸȻܴڡ
.˹(Adam Smith)ȷֵģϹèһȻײ
һЭǾûķԶԶǵԹ滮Ƶ
֮ԷչӴռ˹ռһȺ
һṹҪһЩݻΪ淶ɡ
ҪָйظƲšԼóס󡢸˽
Ϊ淶ЩǳԲԵıܣŴǾѧϰ
ģ£γɴͳġЩ淶һЩǴӷ
ЩǲģʵǶ˵ĳЩܵơҲЩ淶
ԱܡֻڳչĹУͨԡЧܽᣬ
ΨЩ淶ſܵ´ģȺķ٣ſܵЩ
淶󣬹ŴСȺЩʶػչˣͳһʶͳһĿꡢ
ͳһжΪʽҲҪˡгϢ㼯ƶ̬ʹ
ܹ˷ɢҸ޷ȫ̹۲⵽֪ʶγĳֳԽ
򡣵ƶȺʹͳģͷչǱ㲻Ҫ¶ԭʼ
һȥѰʶΪ˷ɢĸ֪ʶͼܣڶȻͨĳ
ĻΪʽĿṩķ

ѧʵΪһ֡Ϸ򡹣ṩЧԴ÷ʽ
˼ľ˸˶ӵе򣬴Ӷʹ֡
Ⱥڷܺӳɹܰˣ𽥷չΪһ
֮ǰʵѾԹˡ
ռ򣬲ֻһ֡ǰҲ֪ȽЧ
֪ʽʹԼõɹչȻƾʷ̭;
ʹ˵ݻһֽṹͳ淶ƶȣЧش

Ҫرע⺣Ү˶ԡ¡һʵ÷һе÷в졣
ҮڰĹ淶(йظƲšԼóס
󡢸˽ȷΪ淶)Ϊ¡СڵıԵ
ụȳΪ¡Ϊ±δ˼Ȼ嶯
ͬʱҲֻضЧ˼ԣԵһЩ
ѧҰһЩ嶯Ϊϵġ塹ܲΪȻָȰ
˵ĵΪʵϣʲôΪ벻
鵽ʶӦáĵԣѡ¡һʣ
չķǱԹ淶

ԣںҮǾгԺձԵΪ淶ȷǱ
ܣַԼƵԭ򣬶ڱ֮䣬ʵһݻ
ĴͳΧڵ೤ݻɵϰ߹淶ǽڱ֮
ĴͳЩʱΥǵıܣʮƾӢĺ
ѧϵά(Bernard Mandeville)ҪЩԭΪ񡹡ʵ
ǵС屾ܳͻˡ

ʱ·ӦõķʽǲģıܷӦһ
ֻģĳЩΪͨǸǣѡͱ
ܳ嶯ֵĻʽʵһַǷֶŴ
̡ϣѧϰΪȡıܷӦ
ֿˡ˵Ӷﵽ˵ľת䣬Ҫ
ĻչĹ淶ܷӦԼòŵµġ
ںҮУռеĵȼ˳ԡͬһϵġ
Ϊ׷ʶʲôɲȥԼĵ£׷ʶʲô
ɲȥԼһơǶͼе´ͳķ
˼ҵԺҮ˶ԣν֮ǵ
´ͳ¡ƽȵģû˭ʸԼΪ׼жԷ
þԷ

ʹЩĻԼеȺжԷ֣Ҳ˵
ġΪֻΨһķҪ
翴ģ桢ĳȫͬŴԴ
ȻеıҪǱ߱ǾеķǳͬĻʽ
ȴչˡ򡹣;ͬ顣Ȼڲṹݻ翴ˡ
ǱˡҲǼȻҶͬе˷еĹܣȻԶ֮Ϊ
򡹡
漰˶Էһʱνѧһѷ(
Edward O. Wilson)ѧ˵ΪĻṹ
ͻԼΪŴԣݴˣ淶ƶص㣬......Ͷ
ﱾܵĸҮ˵ۣŴĻͳ(ڸ
֮ܺ)֮ĲȻǻġ


ó

óڹ

Ү˼ǿó׻ĳĸԹסֻ
ԵĻڹ֯Ľ
ӵֲ춵кذȻڳó׵ķչ
ɽȺǿʢ١ˣʷȳ
ֵġȨڹϵ˽жĵطĴ
չһҪĹؼ
ִѧ֤ʵóױũҵԵ硣Ǵ
طõȺ(ó)æĻཫ֣סĵطǸ
˾סֻٵˡҲó׵гʷϣ
ҲԵĽṹֵø磬ͬʱҲΪ
ʷ֯ĹҵĳֹԶĶ壬෴ó
׵ĳԶڹҵĳ֡ңʷϷŴƻԷ
ʹĻݻ̰;ϵģЩЩѧŻǿ
磬۹İռͥ͹Ŵйǵ͡ŷйʱ
ķǷţ̶ܴҪݵʱ״͡

ַǷչ˵˽ĿĵĽһܻ
ҪÿӵвƲȨʱкذϣ磬
һ˽вƲȨ硣ֻĶأÿʵԪ
ռеĹأ˽˵Ĳҵһ˽ó˽ҵ
硣
ںҮ˿ƲȨ(several propertyҮһ˵˽
ƲȨΪȽϾȷ)κȽĵϵͳĺġϣ
ȿһȨɵܲɷֵĹϵ
ҮҲָƲȨʷб仯ģһ;ϸ
Ĺ̡ԶʱڲϵؾܻңڲͬȺ֮䣬
ũҵ֮䣬ƲȨķչǧġȻۺ
ʽƲȨķչó׷չȾûиƲȨķչȣ
Ͳǧ໥Ĵͽṹ򡣲ƲȨչһҪ
̱ǹȫԴĸƲȨΪ񷨷䡣
ʷ״˴Χ򡣵ȻһʷҲŶԲƲȨĿ
ܣڹϣʱҪ˹ʹ(Spartans)ǷϸӵвƲȨ
ԡֵ䷶ŷʷʱݣʱá
ȻŷزƲȨĴͳɣǿش
ޣͺܲͬҮΪʷϣÿƵķ
չϣʱͻ⵽ǿԤսᡣָ
ӾйԼɪ(J. Needham)ֵģŴйȽ
ҵشɾͣǵġ֮ʱڡ
ЩչþͻᱻͳһĴ۹ɱָͳġرĩ
ũ̡·ȥ
ΪйͳйظԲƲȨ⣬һڻްӰµ
գһԶϣѧδʶԶ׼ġȻɷϣֱ
1949깲Ȩй½֮ǰйʷϣԲƲȨǻ
ڵģֻ1950һйһɥʧ˸ԲƲȨһ
ĸӶ˲ҵı硣
ǣʹڴͳйʷƾõķɱϵĲƲȨͳȣ
йĻҲӸƲȨıԶ׼ʵй
춸˵زƲȨδᶨձıϺͳŵġҵȵ
⣬֤Īйʷϴδй񷨡(ơͨ
ϰ߷)þƲȨ׵ܷ档Ȼйķϵ൱
չü꾡϶ǡ̷ͳ߲þͳͰ·ķɡ
й˵ĲƲȨδıһ㣬йС˵¥Ρ
ָһھͻһĸܡ˽вƲƶ£ĳ˷
̣ⳭңˣƲȨҪȨ
зɱϵġˣйͳĲƲȨ״̬Ӧθ
һֵȤ⡣ִй֮Աʶ̬
ɨ֪йִʷչһЩͶս֮Ĺ̬⣬
ƲȨͳǷҲһ֮أ
룬𰸿ǿ϶ġ

ʷ϶ҵó׵ĻɺͿ־

ʹʷУҵóҪĹ淶ԶʱСʱ
淶ڵĳͻˣʹŶҵó׵ĸٹ̵ĵ
ӡ
(Eric Hoffer)˵˵ĵ⣬رǶ˶˵ĵ⣬
ּصʷһϡMcNeill Ļ˵ʷ˱
ǱӺĶ......ֻйͲʵ˲Żͼ߼...
...˵ΪΥСȦ໥ЯΪ͡
ԭ֮һΪһûдʵʵġֻǽеĶ°
ŵжȻС˿ɹõĲƸǴζ
롸ͷϵĺˮйءɼġɴ
Ϊµ̬ྭı֮һ
ͺͱ͵ġ͹ʥĿںţҲһԴԶĴͳ

ˣһȷǹַǿɼ(ó)֪ʶ뾺ΪɰܵҪ
ʱԭϤĹƽʧˣӶ˶ҵĵӡ

漰ѧһ󣺡ͶĳɹҪͶ
˼ܶҲֺܱĿӦԴ൱
ΡΪƸĴСǸ̼⣬ͲƸķ䷽ʽ޹ء˵
һǼ
ǣʵϣۡΪȡһݲƸͬʱҲ
ּ۸Ϣ򣬶Ͳ
֮Ӽֵ
ܶĵڶǣ˼һѼ۸ΪĽ
ҲΪԭ򡣱߼Ч۶Դоٵ˵

ҵĴͳδϹִͳ̬ȵҪҲ
ֻǳڵ֪ͳ˼ѣȻ̬ȴͬʹڵ
İĿ־Ȼһ塣һţڣֿ־


ڱ߼Чھѧеĺĵλ

µѧɶԱ߼ЧҪףͬʱҲΪǽг
Կסһ۵ĺΪġӵ
Դõ㡣׼ȷ˵ӵļֵνЧõļֵ
ֵֵּһжϣ׷ǣȨֶ
µжϣжǶԼҸкεȵҪԡÿֶ
ظ˵ĳЩĳҪǸͬı䶯ģüֵľ
ֱ䶯
ֵΪĳжǱҪȷСֻͨ
ʹÿһƷ()Ʒ()ı߼໥ֱÿһ
˶ԶȵĵزֵƷʣƷ˵Ĺϵ
֮⣬ֹϵı֡
ÿ˶ԼļֵƫõĿ򣬲ŬԼĿƫá͸
ϵͳЩʤʶΪĸΪȴõЭһδ
ơұκΪ붼ԶΪӵϵͳɴγɡ
ÿһƷҪԲȵĿģƷĿĵ
໥˸ĿĵֵͻڵһһƷֵ
ϡƷг۸񡪡õӳһ۸ȡƷ
ϡԣԼǵĿԵĴС
߼ЧøҪķ֮һǣʵǲһЩǰʵ
Խ͵ġ
߼Ч˽⣬͹ģֲƷ
ҪԼ˻˴˵ϡָ
ֻعͷÿ˲뻥Ĺ̡ˣг̾Ǿһر
ѶϢݹ̡
ڡԵЧáңܶÿ˸Ըֵٳɱȡ
Чãһһ¿ⲢζСЧáֶڣ
ֻܿʵϣ롸ǡһǲܴڵġ
߼Ч۴ݻͼܶ˼Ͷֵۡ˼
ĻǽͶֵϵġҮڡԸؾµڶ
໥ĸʱֵָһǣJoachim Reig ָģ
William Stanley Jevons ϸԺ˼Լƺȫ
ˡʱۡĺо(μReig -дй˼İ۵
뱾е,1976)ˣ˼׷Ȼ
ǡ
Ү˰Ѿѧѧ(catallactics)ͬʱҲɳΪݻۡĳ
ϣһšԪۡ(metatheory)۵ۡΪо
󣬾۵ĹɡΪںҮ˿ݻ۾ֹڸ
ĳϣԭӲοʼѾˡΪԭɸӷչ
ġڴˣǾͿݻ̣͸ַӣ壬һֱ
ӵִ硣


磺

ڽṹϲɸɣڸ֮䣬к
಻ͬĲΡǾ໥صνμ򡹡ЩμһЩ
ܷӦŽһȣȻҪԡΪܴٽμ
ЭгĳϣĿǰڣǱ벻ϵصǵ
˼ͬʱղͬΪ淶ڲͬСߵĻ
ࡸԽλ˫ԵġùȥѧʹõԣǱϲ
ĺѧΪ淶ǳͻģνѧӡѹ
Եĵ´ͳ

һ⣬ǽϲĶѧĶΪ
֮ĳͻ⡣
ʵϣѧƺѧڲĻɱ𻮷ֲͬΪ
൱ġ
磬¬ǼƳ籾ܵһɣšȻظԶʱ
ǵ˹ܺԺγɵĹ淶Ʃг˸Ĺעӣ
෢չеļؼĵλ

ҮŴǿҪر岻ͬṹͬߴͲͬϷʽȺ
ȫͬĹ໥÷ʽвɻǰлСȺ
ıܡСȺǡÿ˳ʱĻԣԶ
ȻκΰͬɫֲͼȻʧܣҽᵼ
רƱŰ(Bertrand de Jouvenel1957,p136)
йνңιƽ¡롣йͳν
ԡҡΪģǡҡ죬ιϵǼͥϵ
졣ͳһĵλڼҳһҵĵλй֯
İ취ȡ֯ͥİ취ϰձ񡹣Աǡĸ١
ȻǴҳйġҳʽרͳΡĻԴҲ춻˳
ϷʽͬȺṹͶɵִ֡
ʵϣйĻͳУֵͥü̳еľġƩ磬
Тѵܹȵ񣬶άͥڲ顢г
ġ
ǣܰչķΧȥйĴͳ
Σյһ㣬춶춼ֳͥ߶ȴСȺе
Ӧذֿ
ͥĸͬġģͥ򲢰Ŵ
йγδϹҪԭ֮һ
йؼ춣ͥ(С)ĻԸݳԱĹͬĿĻ־
ЭȻ()ȴÿλԱ׷ͬĿ꣬ձ
Ĺ淶γɵЭӵĽṹڹͬΪ淶£׷Ŀ
ɵĽȻγĳòƱųˣǳ֮Ϊ
лԡƺĳ֯õһȻһ֡󵼡

˼һʱڷйȨͳηʽй
൱һʱ䣿֮һǻͬ˲ͬߴСȺ͡
йͳмͥĻͬԴҪһεġ


ġԨԴ

ʿµӰ

ʹʷϣгҲ¡Ʃ磬ڹϣ
ͳмӰʿ£ȴδԽΪҪݵг
ô£ʷźһ׮硣ΪЩΪ˽
еҵضǲõġµġδ뵽Լֻǰ
Լ֪ҪеĴȺ㲻ܳϡңҲ˿
߱κݻĸȻĵ¹淶Ψ˼---ֻʺԭʼ
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ŷйʱںͽڽ̻ķ̬ȡԴȡϢķԼ
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ĵλӾͷ֣һʹáʹǻˣҲ䱾ĺ
ȡΪſʼԷݻṹĸ
Ȼ֮ƽУ˼ȴչһ׺ܲͬĸ

ǵԽ

ҮּڴƷ˶߶ǵšٿȫɵѧǣ
һжԵ̨ǰСһʱԳбһ
׼
Ү˷ָԡ鱾ĻչĲĻչ
캽Աǵķչ̶ܴģ¡
ͷͬʱݻġν(mind)ͷ(brain)
鲻ĶҲͷģǵŲͷЭ
ȡõĶԴԵЭ⣬дĻͳõ

ܱϰߺʹͳϣϰߺʹͳֱǹϣ۾߼ʱ
˳ԣϰߺʹͳڱ֮䡣

ݻ۲Ǵ״෴ʵϴǵ.˹ܵľ۵
ݻһǴʷƾõĻоù(յJ.G. 
von HerderκC.M. Wieland ͺ鱤Wilhelm von Humboldt)
ȻĻݻݻҪĲͬ磬ǰлŴ̳
򲻿лŴǰ߼̳лõϢϰԸֲͬǰ
ϸŴԸĸѪԵϵȣͬʱͻйءǰݻ
Ѹ٣ݻǰ߾Ⱥ徺ݻҪǸ徺(Ⱥ
徺в)
ǣ߹ͬڣνݻ򡹻򡸲ɱʷɡ
߶ͬѡԭơ
ʷ(historicism)Դڶԡ巢͡෢չĻ
춸巢ȫȡϸڻܣǱ޶ģ
෢չǹֵݻʷһܶӰʷ̣
ȫ£ﲢʷıȻݻ
˼׵µĴйء
ĻۺûȡشչʵΪһν
ߡ˵æˣʹݻоĻˣܵ(ڶԡ
ߡķжݻ)ĵ⡣
춵´ͳݻ̵оҮҲ֮Ϊһ֡Եع(
rational reconstruction)Ȼ֡عеġԵΨ
塹ֽһʷо̽ΪôĳЩɻѹɶ
ѭⷽоѧ߲ոͳĸλѧңҲһ
Ļݻʷоߣ磺ѧҡϵάյ¡ά(
Giambattista Vico)ά(¹ʷо)ϸˡϸ֮⣬
˶ڴġǶΪĻƶȵĳֹ̣ṩһԵ
ԵʷݻԵĽ͡
Ү˱ˣȻԹȥĻݻʷоߴ˵³н
һʷΣϵµĿѧɾͣرǾѧѧѧѧ
ѧʷѧѧȷĽչݻϵںҮһ
ۺ̽УԶԶ˾ѧ۵ķΧ



Ϊһ˼˶

Ү˴۾˵Ӱ˶֮һ壬ǽ
ڴǰϡ⣬ܵһЩȷ棬
ȻضΣ˿оˮ׼

ͼȫǵĵ¡ɺԣƽԭеᴫͳ
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ΨһԵѿƣȫҪͳ
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µԡԺͱܵĶԷķѣ
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ģȡΧ˽ǣ˸İȫ϶ɵġ
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Ϊһˡִ֪ʶӵġԸҪԴ
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Ʋ״̬һ˼ĺ
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ᷳʱǻн˼룬ĽṹӦؽˣӦ
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ѧӰ죬ڴѧƵĳЩѧУչ
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ѧͼȻѧȥȡרŵȻѧһѧ
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ʣѧоɹȡ˲ǵ̬ȡ
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͵ͳһЩ˼ҡӱ(Jeremy Bentham)ֵܶ
Ӣɵˣٵ׵¼䴴ʵ֤塹ʵ֤϶
ǵ֤ȷӰ쵽(liberals)ʵҲ
൱עŷ޵֡ǰ߼
־Ļпά(Alexis de Tocqueville)Ͱ˶پʿ(
Lord Acton)ҮΪӦϻԸ(old Whigs)ɵ
壬˺ܶˮ֡
Ү˵˲ҲܵӰ죬Ȼ
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¡ңҪֱʽġ¡Ϊ׼ݻپɵ´ͳһ
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(Herbert Marcus)͵Ĵ
ͶŷʷԾ֮ǰȻвΨţ
ƻƶȲʵṫƽҲԸЧøԴ
ƺе뷨ˣƻͼõǸȫԴκ˶
֪ܱпơ
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ĿѺˣҮ̸ָ֡塻ۣȴ
Եľȡ޶Ե̬ȣһĲп̬
1989ʧ֮ǰڡԸѾȷػ˸
ͼָЩ֪ʶ˵Ѿʮ
ʵ֮ᣬȻܿ϶˵׳Ķŷ͵֮
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δζѭ˼뵼ʦʵǲԸȥ˼е
Ű͡й˹Խϡ̹ɣǡϵһϵƺ޾
ġаЩ֪ʶӷϵѰԼĿ壬ϵ
뻯Щᣬֲϵʧ
һ౯ִ̡֮
ϣǺҮˣһ±ʶ̬һעĿ
š




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йʵĽۡ˵һʹЩʻ㣬Ͳ֪Ѿ
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1)ʱ塹̺

ںҮ˿ʱ塹濴ѾʾһΪʱ
ƶȣʾ빤˽׼ְʾȴʵָνǸ
ʺ޹ϵǣһƺͽʲ׼޲
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ãһ鵤ҩǾǣĸˡڵʱǽ죬
ֻҪȥһЩаġʱ塹еĹˣǷԸ⵽˽
Լġ塹ʱ𰸾һˡ

ȻܵغѧͨѧʾҮִָ
֮޷⣬ҪԭЩʻԴڰͼʿ
¡ȱݻĹ˻߰˼򿴳ȫ֪ͳλԲ
һȺİţڽ̺򿴳ɳ
ƶõĽ
Իعһ»غʿµĹԭһʵʵ
ɵġҲ͹ˡʵʵʲôһʵʵе
Ƕġġڡġɡɡ
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㡣֤ȺʹǡĽԡ

ʹáԲƲ(several property)桸˽вƲ(private 
property)һʣԱȷرۡ
ڡ塹һʱõĿġִܶ
߶ϲұΪ۵Ҳʶ
ǩһİ취֪ν(liberal)ʵϴ
ǿĸɫʡ

2) Ϊ˸񻯵ʡ᡹˼

Үرϸطˡ᡹Ϊһ˸񻯵ʶ̬á
ִԡ᡹һʴ(state)ǿ֯ϰߣҲ鹦
˼ʹá᡹һʱʵָǹǿԵ֯
á᡹ʰʾܹñǿֶθº͡е
ǵ˼˵Ϊͷ
ݡ᡹߲Ƿ۵µһѡ
һǾ滮Ľ϶ֻҪϺõĹ
Ʒضܹơ
ǣ᡹޷жġûĿĵġ
ʹѱԵʵЧǣ
1) ߵڰסʾһΪУ˸Ի
ЩΪɵġ
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3) ʹεʵն


塢صĿ죺˿ڽ

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⣬߻һֹ㷺е˿ۣΪ˿ڱըʹг
ʧЧгڶ˿ڣͬʱҲڶ˿ɵ
ƶȣ˿ڵĽһķչǶรв
˹(Thomas Malthus)˿۵Ļǣ˵ͶſԱ
һͬԵҪءڵʱһʵԺ
۳ݼ(˿ӣ߼ͣÿü)
ȻûУǰҲûκεʵϣʾ˿
ܶȷˮ׼иЧأҮָķչ
֣Ͷͬʵˣרҵʵϣ
ױȵĶԺͿԣ˿ڵͬʱ֮Ĳԣ༴
ԺͷḻԣʱԼչֳһָΪӵ򣬼
ʽͿԡռ䡹ͬʱԷµ(Լ
)
˿ڷ˿ڽһӵҪȻҪĲ
н϶ˣн϶\{ͬˣŵõߡ
ǣҮ˲˿ർƽý͡Ȼһԭ
춵˿ڴʱƶĽײǸеĽײ˿ӽϿ졣ÿ
һȴ˴϶ýǰΪڶ˼Ӥ˿ڣ
ƽֵ½
ʱŴ˾ҵᣬһЩʹЩ޷Ų
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ԼơˣȶҲԸҮͬ˼һ
۵㣺ʱ塻޲׼ǹȥڡ
ΪʱԡΪۡۻĹ۵㣬ʵǾùĵ
ˡںҮ˿ƽгֵʵϾǼƽˣг
չ漰䷶ΧǼԻͺЧġ

⣬˿ԵĽǶȹ۲죬ӦΪȫ⡣
Ӧǣĳľס˿ڣԭΣǷȸõ
Դ(ڽԴ)ø졣

ںҮǹĵĲԤδȫ˿
ԭԴɳΣա෴гֵţ֮ǰ
һЩڵͻᷢãһ̡


ڽ̵Ĺ

Ү˱˲κڽ̽ɡڽ⣬ֲͬڽ
Ե´ͳĲͬӰ졣ָʷϸʽڽУΨЩֲ֧Ʋͼͥ
ƶȵڽĿǰȻڡȻѡѾ̭Щڽ
ҲӴˡ
ȣָȺݻѭе´ͳȺţ
Ȼе´ͳԴĻԭ򣬵һ̲ȫ˵һ
´ͳԱɡȻôͳǻ⣬Ӻζң౾
ǿƺΨĴ£վȽŸ
ִڽ̡
Բ÷۹۵ȥ
ġͼҲֻΪȺڲԱʶıǩΪ
Υɻͷʹ²˳ǽɵԱ档
⣬ĻҪüĴݣγɴͳһǿԴݵγɣ
һܷرΪ淶뱾ܳͻʱ
ڽ
ڽ̶ڱִ¼ֵϵġڹȥǧУв
̵ĽǷԼͥƲƶȵġǵڽ̽ɶܿʧʷ̳
ȥˡֻּ֧ͥƲƶȵڽ̲ų졣
ԷԼͥƲƶʵʶԣҲһڽ̣
ʷЩԼͥƲƶȵڽ̵ĹͬˡʵϣĿ
˥

ȻںҮдĵʱδһŰ˾ǳǣ
ҮѾд÷ǳ˥ʧҪѾʵʩ
ĵطѾ׻1989꼰֮±Ի͵֤
ʵԤԡ
ǣʹԵĵ磬г
Щط֪ʶԺڸν֤ѧΪȻƮĹ
롣Ʃ磬ɫ(Herbert Marcuse)ѧԼνѧ
ˡѴ˸ѺͻҡǣǲδΪ̡
δûùұǿиʶ̬Ƕɴ˶
ľ޴Ѻū۲з֮ʹʶ̬ľ̬ܳȾͻ͵öࡢ
ɵöࡣ磬һִΪְ־ѧѧҼ
ķ˹(N.Chomsky)ǰëйĹȣǿԾ
϶ضǷߣҿ϶Ǽйƶȵĳֲ
ͬߣͱͶڷ
ۼҵٹġֻеϵУַܳչͷ
Щ˼룬ʢˣеƶȣǱɵ˼
滷ԼֱǳʶһģˣǾԸ
ġġν費ţĿԴ

ںҮ˿ڽĪػõ()ߣԺǻ֧
ЩҪάĵϰסЩڽ(رǼҪһ)
ȻȱԸݣŷȺȷʵ֮ڶ࣬棬ء
ѡͺҮ˽˶ԣϵ۵ޣһλ֪ߡΪԼ
ڽ̵;ͬġΪ˫ŷֵϵͳһµġֻ
ڽ̵ֵּ߰Դʵ֮⣬Ү
Ϊʵ籾ȻǸ临ӵ临
ʹκ˶ۻ̬˶ѡ


Ү˶˼

Ĵѧ

ڡԸУҮ˼ĸѧΨ
塢塢ʵ֤͹塣ȥ䣬һֱǿѧ
ʱĴʣʱĻΨˣҮ˵о
ԵرעĿ⣬˲֮춣⼸棬ĳϺҮ
ͬΪʹνִ塹ƺĳ־
ںҮ˿ĸѧҪ̺һЩԤǰ᣺

1)Щڿѧ˵Ȼ޷۲쵽֤֤ʵĶǲ
ġ(ʵ֤塢)

2)ЩԼ޷Ķǲġ(Ψ)
(Ү˳ϣ˹ȥҲһ۵㡣ͬѧҿ.Ͱ
Ҳһ˼ҡäĿطκδͳʵǲġʵ
ϵȫشͳ.ͰغȷָǴ֪Լ
˵Щʲô)

3)ΪĿģκΪǺġ(Ψ
塢)

4)Ԥ֪ȫЧҳЩЧǿԱ۲쵽ġǴϲ
ģκ鶼Ǻġ()

ԭ򣬿ԿǵҪ´ͳ(Χ˽ƶ
ó׶չĵ¹淶)޷֤ʵֲܱ֤ϲû
ɽǡǣ޷رܵʵǣЩԼĽƶ
ˡ
Ү˳ϣִĵϵͳȷһָ˶ԣȷʵ
ְšǱ븺εǾܾһֵϵֱµ

Ϊкôֻ벻һ
ɡ
Ҫ漰йءɡĺ⡣ЩΨǡǡָ
´ͳѹɣ˱ȡǣָǺ֡
ɡָģʵνšΪɾָһԼ¡
šģܹɡ(J.Bentham)˵
ÿһɶΪÿһɶǶɵһֺȻֺ
޾ġɡǿܴڵΣÿһ˵ɣѵ
˵ɶַܵ⵽
ˣǣȷÿܵɡʷ
һ֮Чİ취ͬһ׳Ĺ淶ȥÿһ˵ɣ׼
ַ˵ɷΧ׼κǿ˻ǿơһԱ
֮ǣԹͬ\{Ĺ淶湲ͬ\{ĿꡣǿƷӹ
ͬĿ꣬ضūӹͬĹ淶ṩɵĿռ䣬
Ԫŷ硣Ү˵ɣǰ½ǿµ
ڡ֮µɡҲǰİ(I.Berlin)ʽġɡһ
񶨵ķʽɣָǿƺǿĳ¡Ȩ
ĹؼǣҪһձĳĹ淶ȥÿһ˵
ǹͬ\{Ŀģǹͬ\{򣻲ĳЩ˵ģƽȵ
˵ġΪǣֹ£ǸԷ׳£

ʵϣͨسĹ淶ɣǡĸףŮ


컯

ν컯ۡ(theory of alienation)ִ
Ҫ֮һܶۼҡرǺڸ˼ɵۼ
ɣ淽ʽ
Үرϸط컯˵ηִġ

Үָ󲿷ִν컯(alienation) ֮Ϊ
ʽĲ֣ԴΣһ֪ʶӰ죬ԸӰ졣
ڵһǡԵġԤԼӦĲ֡ʵϣκβ
ܰΨԿƵġϵԤԼһ֡磬
ǰ¬ִ¹˼һЩˣ(Michel Foucault)͹˹(
Jurgen Habermas)Ϊκδͬ⣬ĳǿӡ
ϵǿҵ컯СˣЩۼ˵ˣͨе
޷ܵġ˵ԼĶ壬ܲ
ڵڶΣŽһԭʼܻ֮ȥӶʹ
ﰴաĮĹ淶ˣˡĲʱֲ
ͬɣΪʳɹȻС(ȻΥġȵ
Ķ)ˣڸԣУƶԵĲ֣Ҳһ
ͻĲ֡һΪǹʣȷǱܡҲԽ
Եʵ໥ͻǰϲĲ֡

ͲҪĸšۡ֡šۣ
ǿҪӽɡеΡеա˼ʵۡسŵ
ò˺Ͳ˽Ȼĵ²аѳ󡸽šĳ嶯
شͳʵ֮ʷʵ(ڵ
ѧ)ŴʾԡšΪ淶
ҪȽǿʳġҰ֡Ļ֮У
һƾ߶ȼȨƵᡣ֮ݻɵĻ

ǣɲȻȼȨµö࣬ߵ
ࡣ

޶˹(J.Rawls)ۡ

ҮΪҪȻݻĵ±׼ȫʵġ
ܴҪĿǰڽеı仯Ϊֱڣݻ
֮СݻĽҲǹ̡һ̴һ
õĸΪ淶͸ԭЩԭ淶£ϵݻ
ȥһ̲ǵԸ˶ʧ
ںҮ˿һδı仯ǹƽģҪݻֹͣ
ݻ֮ǣδϵȻ
֪ǣֺδжǷأ
ݻν岻ġгν岻ġ
ͨгûܹжκ˶ȫĹǶ󣻲ң
粻ͨгҲûܹжΪ˴ʹĳ˴¶Բй׵ĹӦ
ٱꡣ
޶˹磬õΪ޶˹ţڻԵ
ĸ춼ƽˣ󲿷ֵֿܱｫɱң
ҲٲܵõЩรѶţЩΨһܸÿӦ
Щʲôάֺˮ׼Ѷˡ
Ү˲޳ɡԼָۡ岢Эģ
෴ǡǡǴûЭĵطע⣬ǾԵġ
գгΪУرǿʵԼҪĵ¹淶֮һ
Ϊƶ׷ĿȡǷĳЩĹ淶
ȰΪƶԣеĵϵͳ޳Ϊȫʵ
ĿġΪÿ˷¶ȷض˻Ŀɹ۲쵽
Чһԭ򲻽γܲ档г
(ԸƲƶԼ)ȴˡԽ
˵֪ͽ޷쵽¡
˼ʺչ쵽˹յõķΧֻ⣬Ҫ֮һǳ
Ϊ淶ȡͬĿ꣬ԼԽԽ˼ʺΪ


ߡ뾭

ҮͰͬ

ڡͨū۵ĵ·УҮ˸߶Ӣľ崫ͳȻ
УȴΪѧ˼ľ塣еԭڣ

ӦָҮеľʵʵ֤Ϳѧ壬
ڱ͵һɱһ֧չǽѾ˥˵˼ɡǣ
ԾԴͷ----ո˶رǶλܳѧӣ
һ־⡣

ǣ۹ۺҮǰԷ岻֪۵ɫں
(رڡԸ)Ũ񣬶ԾͿѧĵҲ
ҲԵʵԾڱ͵Ҫ---ʵ֤Ϳѧ壬
Үڡѧķһоչ˼СرԿ׵µʵ֤
иǲͬʱҲάҲѧɵʵ֤۵㣺Ϊ
֪һִķʽָǵģЩϴʵ
ҮΪ֪һڹ(interpretation)ԸоĶһ
ֲֻͬ(classes)֮Сһִδȫ¼ڵһν
ʱ޷֪οԿҮ˵۵뿵ƽеģر
أ뵱ڹѧھϵĹͨͺӦԶ׼ġ
Կѧ(scientism)ȫܾġѧ
һУϸµĿѧ۵㣺Ȼѧķܹ
Ӧĺѧ֮Ϊʦʽ项(engineering type 
of mind)͹(polytechnic mentality)ϡʥ.źͿ׵µν
ѧǸ˻ʽУָһֶԿѧԵū
ģ(slavish imitation of the method and language of science)Ӷ
˿ѧƫ(scientistic prejudice)ҮΪѧĶж
϶Ȼѧͬڡ뾭
У˵Ҫ֮ѧΪʲôʲô
ҾǻңԾԣױƷǻױƷ˵Щ󶼲
ǵ'ʵ'¶ģǸǶǳеļ¶塣


֪Ү˶αԿ.Ͱ˼ֱͣðͰص
ԴԭǿԼ֤ҲαԺҮ˵ľ⣬Ͱ˵
ӢǹϣҮ.....ѡ
Ү֪Ͱڴ׶ػطάҲɵĻϣ˹(
Haberler)άҲѧɵʵ֤ʱʾʽʵ֤岻ԼĿ
ζո˵Ŷ, άҲʵ֤һܺõ飬
ۿѧо߼߽п.ͰءʹҮ˳˸Ķ֮һ
Ϊճ漸ܡ֮ᣬֹյĽΪȻѧ
ȦдģͰȷʵʵ֤ϵҮ˵
Һ飬Ϊ֤ʵǰѾݾγɵͰغƵ
ȷ۵㡣Ͱرġ꣬ǲͬһѧˡγ
ѧ۵ĻһġһѧΧģ֧䣬һ
ͬ˼ߣһͬߡ
˶һԵص㣺ǶԼڸǲɷ
ģرǵһεͬ߱ʱͻȻʼǵĻ
ǽ͵Ŷԣɸ⡣˵ǲܸ
ܽ͵ѽŶôԸ汾⡣Ȼ
ѡԱ飬ôûκΰ취۾ǶǴˡ
ǣǼҶͰػõҪϵͳԹ۵㣺龭ѧı׼
ܷ񱻷֤κϵǲɷ֤ģһǿѧҲ
ܹѵѧңûϵͳĵزֻʶһ㼴ɡ
ҷһ㱻Ͱ֤ͱ绤ʱ˰ͰѧҾ
оĶϸ˵ʱұͰж׽
ѣȻǰάҲʱʶںܴķΧڣҶͬļ⣬
Ȼϴһ¡ȻͰԼȤзչѧϣ
ĹʶԶκˡ
ϸҮ뿨.Ͱص˼ʵҪģ

1) ڶΨ̬
ҮԵĳݣر𷴶νԵĽ塹(rationalist 
constructivism)νָȫϰߺʹͳ˼磬
ϰߺʹͳΪǰԣ߼ȫʵļѵԲߡ
.ͰԳΪ(critical rationalist)ҮȻ
ڽʱΪ.ͰصΪӢͳ峱ṩ
һµҪѧӡȻϾȻΨһ֧ͰԼ
˼Դĵ173עҲ˵ʮֲҪسá塻
Ĵʣ......(һ)Ϊά塻
硹
ҮڵıУʵȫΨ塣

2) ڶȻѧɾ͵̬
Ү˷ǿȻѧķƹ㵽ѧѧϡ
.ͰȻѧĳɾͳ⣬ķѧȻ
ѧرǰ˹̹ľ޴Ӱ죬ȻѧʷѧеҪԴ
˵ں̶ܴԴڸԲͬרҵ

3) ڶԴݻ۵̬
ϸĶҮ˵ѷ֣ҮһѧΧ
Է(spontaneous order)͡ݻ(evolution)תɴ˿
ҮμݻѧչеˡȻΪ
ݻ۵״ߣܵǵ.˹۵ָݻ
ѧ߲ոͳĸλѧҺһĻݻʷоߣ磺
ѧҡϵάյ¡ά(Giambattista Vico)ά(¹
ʷо)ˣǶڴģֶΪĻƶȵĳֹ̣ṩ
һʷĻݻԵĽ͡ǣˣҮȻΪĶݻ
ִ뾫ȷ̬γɹûԶԴĵĹ׸˺ܸߵۡ
Ȼ֪ͰԼ֪ʶɳȻǳƣȻ
ϴۿΪӦþ߼֪ϴѧ˵Ϊ
Ȼѧ۵ĵλۣԴݻ൱䡶˼
ָۡڹϣ̽ųۡĿѧ
λͳΪһ⡣ѵóĽۣ岻һɼ
Ŀѧۣһζѧо졪һɼĿѧõĿ
Ŀܡ

4) 춶԰˹̹ص
λڱ͹ӰĿѧҺѧңҮͰصк
ġ˼òԭ򣬴ӳճҮ(ΨĻ̬
)Ͱ()ķ硣
Ͱ͵Ŀ˵ǴλϣҲǿΰѧұ
.ؽ˻
Ү˶أǳ̬ȡΪ֪ʶӡ
춰˹̹Үڳѧɾ͵ͬʱָ峱
Ӱ塢νΪҪΪäĿߴ


Ү˵ķ

ʮҮйߵķ塣ȻԽ꣬
Լ֪ʶӵҲԽԽǿˡڱרָ֪ʶǷȱ֪
ʶ(漰רҵ۵ϵ)ΪԽǶԼߵˣԽ
ԡ򡹲óסһȷ˵Щнʿ
(beaux esprits)----ǰ漰֪ʶ......----ʱ
ֲʵԭʼееĲ࣬ڴˣҰǵĸ
ź룬һɳΪŴ(atavism)...... ʿµأӰ
˹̹Ŀ̣ɫɫơΪʹöΪĸ
еںţѾ˲֪ٱˣЩںŲ͸¶˺
ߵ֪
֪ʶӺ壿ܹһ
---粻г½ƫڿ
Ṇ̀ǡԼΪõĹ̡һ֪ʶӶԣԼ
гһߵĸоһ衣ǵų
ҲΪ֪ʶӶге⣬Ϊʲô壬
ڡıۡ
̵ĽϣԽʵǣֲᷢѧԽ࣬ҲԽ׽
ָ塣ΨǴİߣİ
ߡǿǵߵ߹ʱĩ
ǾͲΪߵ˺ܶ඼߶ˡߵˣ
ΪǵĺôᣬһǾƵĽ
ѭһЩͳ淶ɵġͬʱҲΪƾǵ
µһЩȱݣֻҪࡢķ˼ͿԳ׽
ΪǵĸŬи׼ȷԵЭһø
Ϊ˼άʽȻȻͬ뾭üƻͳƵȵ
ԭǺţȻѧпʵ鰲ţķ
ʽҲԲõ֪ʶȻҲţԼǸǴ
ͳ(Ψ崫ͳ)⣬Ǵͳ......Ψ崫ͳе֪ʶ
ϵƣʹǶԸѧ;ѧһ֪
ʹǼǵĴͳ¹淶Դá

ҮżԱ粵ݣ˱ڶӰ޴׿
˼ҡѧҺѧߡЩ˻˼
Ԥõĸᣬл߽⴫ͳĵ¹淶аִΰ
Ű˹̹(Albert Einstein)ѧءԼѧҿ˹
ѧҺִѧʼĪŵ(Jacques Monod)ѧҼѧѧ
Ҳ(Max Born)ѧҸ(Michael Foucault)˹(Jurgen Habermas)
޶˹(John.Rawls)ɫ(Herbert Marcuse)ȵȣҲ˰ͼ
ʿֱ˼ܶ(John Stuart Mill)ͬʱҲ
Ү̹ʵС

ϸӺҮ˵ķ壬ѷ̺ǿҵոʽ֪
֪Ȼ֪ոȻȱ׷ʵĴ˸
иߵľ硣ˣַȻ߼̺ж
ĸ߶ȹۡΪи߶ѧ߸зʡܶ
ƣѡԣķ϶һ߼ϵ֡

Үµ

ҮڡԸָȻЩȷʵ
򣬵ֻγ֮ǲſЩлȱ
ȫԭԽ͡
ǣ춣ȻܹСȱȫԭԽ͡
Ǿĳ̶ֳһ򣬼ǻΪ֮绤ҲǺ
ҮҪǵ⣬ҲͲ֮۱
ƷˣȴĴͳͲǺ֮ˡѡ
йظƲšԼóס󡢸˽ȷ
Ϊ淶ĴͳСΧȺΪشͳ(Žụ)ر
Ǳһ崫ͳԭǣպҮ˵磬
Ҳһִͳģͱضһѡ⣻ѡ
ζִͳӸ¡
ˣҲعǿäӴͳΣȻĳ⣬
ĳѡ񡣵ȻֻºԼڴϵѡѣ
δĺ塣
ȻҮҲ̸ζԹ淶ȡġΪЩԵ
áЩɼĶڹЧȴҪȻη֡жЩ
Чѡ¸ùЧĹ淶еĻƲ

ˡܽ

ҮڱУΧơĸܽᲢչһĻ
˼룬ȥһЩ۵㣬ر޳ԭ˼еľ
֣ӶĶϵָѸ˥䣬һ
رѾʵʩĵֻЩطлʹֲʵ
ʵϣ

1988һ۲֮Ϭһ֮ϷԵضˡ
1989꿪ʼĹ
ʷǺɺϡҲǶԺҮܶı


עͣ

ű漰ġԸ---󡷵ݣμF.A. 
Hayek, THE FATAL CONCEITThe Errors of Socialism, Poutledge, 1988, 
London
F.A. Hayek, THE FATAL CONCEITThe Errors of Socialism, 
Poutledge, 1988, London, p.64 
Finley, AN ANCIANT ECONOMY, London, p.29, 1973
F.A. Hayek, THE FATAL CONCEITThe Errors of Socialism, 
Poutledge, 1988, London, P.90
ͬ飬PP.85-86
ЩԴڻ˼Fernand Braudel(1982b),in Le Monde, 
March 6, p.108
˼Fernand Braudel(1982a), CIVILIZATION AND CAPITALISM: 15th-18th 
Century, Vol.II, The Wheels of Commerce, Harper & Row, New York, 1982, p.
227
F.A. Hayek, THE FATAL CONCEITThe Errors of Socialism, 
Poutledge, 1988, London, PP.109-110
A.N.Whitehead,PROCESS AND REALITY, P.174
Hayek, THE SENSORY ORDER, P.142
F.A. Hayek, THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION OF SCIENCE, PP.105-128
F.A. Hayek, INDIVIDUALISM AND ECNOMIC ORDER, P.60
Karl Popper, AN INTELLECTUAL AUTOBIORGRAPHY: UNENDED QUEST, P.127
F.A. Hayek, HAYEK ON HAYEK, The University of Chicago Press, 1994, 
Chicago, pp.50-51
F.A.Hayek: Studies in Philosophy,Politics and Economics, P.94
Karl Popper, AN INTELLECTUAL AUTOBIORGRAPHY: UNENDED QUEST, p.168
ͬ飬p.109
F.A. Hayek, THE FATAL CONCEITThe Errors of Socialism, 
Poutledge, 1988, London, P.104
ͬ飬P.77 